黑土粮仓全域定制模式的理论基础与技术路径

Theoretical basis and technical path of the regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary

东北黑土地是中国粮食生产的“压舱石”。不合理开发利用导致部分地区黑土地退化严重,影响局部区域粮食生产和经济社会发展。在全球范围内粮食供需矛盾加剧的背景下,亟需着眼于区域可持续发展战略全局,寻求系统性、科学性和经济性的解决方案。黑土粮仓全域定制模式以地理学综合思想为指导,系统诊断黑土地退化的关键问题与主导因素,构建多尺度联动、多要素耦合、多技术协同的黑土地保护共性与个性相结合的解决方案。该模式依托“星—空—地—网”立体监测系统,结合大数据与人工智能驱动的全域定制平台,构建3个不同尺度策略:(1)市域尺度实施“分区施策”,制定服务于黑土保护的农业资源优化配置方案和全域农业区划方案等;(2)村域尺度实施“依村定策”,制定不同类型村庄的黑土地保护利用模式;(3)地块尺度实施“一地一策”,提供黑土保护与种植管理等土壤修复和产量提升精准策略。在齐齐哈尔市开展“市域—村域—地块”多尺度的方案验证与集成示范,以破解黑土地保护与利用难题,形成可复制可推广的系统解决方案,为中国和全球黑土地农业的可持续发展提供示范样板。

The black soil area in Northeast China serves as a "ballast" to ensure China’s food security. Unreasonable development and utilization lead to serious black soil degradation in some areas and affect regional food production and economic and social development. In the context of the intensification of the contradiction between food supply and demand around the world, we should pay more attention to the overall situation of regional sustainable development, and seek for systematic, scientific, and economic solutions. Guided by the concept of integrated geography, this study establishes a regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary on the basis of the regional system of human-land relationship,customized and accurate management, agricultural system theory, and agricultural informatization. The aim of this regional all-for-one customization model is to systematically diagnose the key problems and leading factors of black soil degradation and find out a solution that combines the commonness and individuality of black soil protection from the perspective of multi-scale linkage, multi-factor coupling, and multi-technology cooperation. The regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary integrates the two perspectives of "global" and "customization" into the protection and comprehensive utilization of black soil for the first time. It adopts zoning, grading, and classification as the main strategy and big data and artificial intelligence as the main technical approaches. Relying on the "satellite-air-ground network" three-dimensional monitoring system and combined with the all-for-one customization platform driven by big data and artificial intelligence, the model constructs three strategies of different scales. First, "implementing strategies by regions" are implemented at the regional scale to formulate the regional agricultural resource allocation scheme and agricultural zoning, which can provide strategies to protect and utilize black soil effectively. Second, the "determining strategies according to villages" is implemented at the village scale to formulate the black soil protection and utilization model for different categories of villages, which can promote the organic integration of black soil protection and rural revitalization. Third, the "one strategy for one field" concept is applied at the field scale to provide accurate strategies for soil restoration and yield improvement in a fixed, quantitative, and regular manner. Multi-scale integrated demonstration and scheme verification of the regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary are conducted in Qiqihar city at three scales, namely, region,village, and field, to solve the key issues in black soil protection and utilization and form a replicable and popularized system solution, thus providing a model for the sustainable development of Chinese and global black soil agriculture. The regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary has important theoretical and practical value in promoting the high-quality development of regional agriculture and rural revitalization, and it provides a demonstration model of land protection and utilization for the black soil area in China and the whole world.