Environmentally‐friendly carbon nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen production

环保型碳纳米材料在光催化制氢方面的应用

Currently,the energy crisis is the crucial problem faced by the world,and photocatalytic hydrogen(H_(2))production is recognized with a chance to be a standout amongst those guaranteeing results to this issue.For a long time,photocatalytic H_(2) production has mainly relied on the noble metal cata‐lysts.However,the limitations of noble metals themselves,such as scarcity and high cost,have se‐verely restricted their large‐scale application.Therefore,it is urgent to seek a cheaper,more effi‐cient,and stable catalyst for photocatalytic H_(2) production.Fortunately,the emergence of carbon nanostructured materials(CNMs)has brought dawn.Its excellent structure and semiconductor performance can effectively participate in photocatalytic H_(2) production.CNMs have developed rap‐idly since they appeared in the field of photocatalytic water splitting.Therefore,it is necessary to summarize the latest progress of CNMs promptly for further development.This review introduced the CNMs,including carbon dots,fullerenes,carbon nanotubes,graphene,and graphdiyne,which is a powerful assistant in photocatalytic H_(2) production.CNMs can provide abundant adsorption and active sites,charge separation and transport channels,photocatalysts,co‐catalysts and photosensi‐tizers.Then,this review has introduced the strategy for enhancing CNMs in photocatalytic H_(2) pro‐duction based on recent research.Finally,the challenge faced by CNMs in photocatalytic H_(2) produc‐tion has prospected.

化石能源的发现和应用是工业文明快速发展的基础.然而,化石燃料的过渡开发和消耗导致能源短缺和环境污染问题日益突出.因此,迫切需要采用清洁能源替代化石能源.其中,氢气(H_(2))因具有热值高、无污染等优点而被认为是最有前途的清洁能源之一.目前,应用较多且比较成熟的制氢技术有电催化法、部分氧化法、自热重整法、甲醇重整法、蒸汽重整法和生物法.但是,这些技术的能耗和成本都比较高.光催化制氢技术可实现太阳能的转化和利用,被认为是解决能源短缺和环境污染问题的有效方法之一,受到广泛关注.光催化制氢主要采用贵金属催化剂,但贵金属稀缺且成本高,严重限制了其大规模应用.因此,迫切需要寻找一种便宜、高效和稳定的光催化制氢催化剂.碳纳米结构材料(CNMs)具有优异的结构和半导体性能,包括良好的导电性、较大的比表面积、较好的热稳定性和化学稳定性,可以有效地参与光催化制氢.此外,CNMs和光催化剂的结合可以增强反应物的吸附位点和活性中心,加速电荷分离和传输,抑制光激发的电子-空穴对的复合.同时,CNMs可以减少催化剂颗粒的聚集,改善催化剂颗粒的分布.CNMs还具有光敏性或光热效应,可以大大提高光催化制氢的效率.特别是CNMs价格低,可大幅度降低用于光催化分解制氢催化剂的成本,使实现工业化应用成为可能,因而,大量CNMs用于光催化水分解制氢领域.本文综述了碳点、富勒烯、纳米管、石墨烯和石墨炔等碳纳米材料在光催化制氢领域的广泛应用,总结了其在光催化制氢过程中作为光催化剂、助催化剂和光敏剂的应用.介绍了近年研究人员在光催化制氢中所采取的增强CNMs活性的策略.最后,展望了CNMs在光催化制氢方面所面临的挑战和机遇.