从国家主义走向世界主义——自由主义国际秩序的辨析与反思

From Nationalism to Cosmopolitanism——Analysis and Refiection on the Liberal International Order

备受西方推崇的“自由主义国际秩序”由于近20年来世界大变局的新形势引发了诸多思考和讨论。虽然自由主义国际秩序发端于西方民主国家的互动,不过该秩序内含的扩张性和排异性推动着西方世界在冷战后力求将其扩展为全球秩序。在认知中,时常存在将自由主义国际秩序与以联合国为核心的国际秩序相混淆的情况,但事实上二者在思想理念、相应规划上均存在差异。与自由主义国际秩序基于现代性规划所形成的强势决定论不同,以联合国为核心的国际秩序拥有明显的世界主义倾向,对和平的诉求、人权的保障以及追求世界范围内的公平正义使得该秩序在变化的国际环境中拥有源源不绝的发展动力。一方面要承认自由主义国际秩序在传播自由民主、市场开放、制度化安排等方面对世界起到的积极作用;另一方面也必须指出,该秩序的干涉取向、等级思维以及自由主义内部缺陷不仅给国际社会带来破坏性影响,而且导致自身陷入危机。在全球化迅速发展、全球问题愈发严峻的今天,国家主义的思维模式注定无法获得广泛认同,以世界主义为指导,将人类视作相互依存的整体,进行平等的对话、协商与合作才是摆脱诸多困境的关键。

The “liberal international order”,which is highly respected by the West,has aroused much attention due to the new situation of the great changes in the world in the past two decades.Although the liberal international order originated from the interaction of Western democracies,the expansion and exclusion implicit in the order pushed the Western world to expand it into a global order after the Cold War.In cognition,there are often cases of confusing the liberal international order with the international order of the United Nations,but the fact is that there are differences in ideological concepts and corresponding planning.It is particularly noteworthy that unlike the strong determinism formed by the liberal international order based on the planning of modernity,the international order of the United Nations has a clear cosmopolitan tendency,and the demand for peace,the protection of human rights,and the pursuit of fairness and justice in the world make the order have an endless momentum of development in the changing international environment.Through vertical combing and horizontal comparison of the liberal international order,the status and role of the order can be evaluated more rationally and objectively.In general,in today’s rapid development of globalization and increasingly serious global problems,the rational thinking mode of the country is doomed to fail to gain recognition,guided by cosmopolitanism,regarding human beings as an interdependent whole,and equal dialogue,consultation and cooperation are the keys to overcome difficulties.