论清末革命派和立宪派在“民族建国”理论上的分歧与争论

On the Divergences and Controversy Between Revolutionaries and Constitutionalists in the late Qing Dynasty on the Theory of "National State Building"

章太炎在《中华民国解》中对杨度在《金铁主义说》中所使用的“中华民族''观念的批评,反映了以孙中山、章太炎为代表的革命派和以梁启超、杨度为代表的立宪派在''民族建国”理论上的重大分歧。分歧之一,是对“文化”和“血缘”在民族形成中之作用的认识不同;分歧之二,对“民族主义”和“国家主义”(又称“国民主义”)的认识不同。而分歧的根源,是两种不同的“民族建国"主张,即:即立宪派主张建立包括满族在内的多民族的君主立宪国家,而革命派则主张建立单一汉民族的民主共和国家,两派为此发生激烈争论。建立统一的多民族的民主共和国家最终成为革命派和立宪派以及其他反清王朝力量的基本共识。

In the paper named"Zhonghuaminguo Jie"中华民国解(Explanation of The Republic of China),Zhang Taiyans章太炎criticized the concept of"Chinese nation"used by Yang Du杨度in the paper named"Jintiezhuyi Shuo"金铁主义说(On the'Gold and Irion'Policies).The controversy reflected great divergences in national theory between the revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat-sen and Zhang Taiyan and the constitutionalists represented by Liang Qichao梁启超and Yang Du.First・it was the different understandings of the roles of culture and con sanguinity in the formation of a nation.Secondly,it was the different understandings of"minzu zhuyi"民族主义(nationalism)and"guojia zhuyi"国家主义(nationalism).also known as"guomin zhuyi"国民主义(nationalism).The root of the divergences lay in two different theories of national state building:the constitutionalists advocated a multi-cthnic constitutional monarchy including the Manchu,while the revolutionaries advocated a democratic republic of the single Han nationality.The two parties had a fierce debate on this.And a unified multi-ethnic democratic and republican country eventually became the basic consensus of the revolutionaries.the constitutionalists and other anti-Qing forces.