责任主义视角下行政共同违法行为的处罚

Punishment of Administrative Joint Violation in the Perspective of Culpability Principle

行政共同违法理论的争议导致了实践中的“同案异罚”现象。共同违法理论包括认定标准和处断规则两部分,其构建和适用以责任主义为基础。基于责任主义的共同违法理论之作用体现在处罚三段论推理的全过程:确定大前提中,其被用于解释补充违法行为构成要件;涵摄中,其被用于确定大前提所及相对人;确定处罚结果中,其被用于判断从重、加重处罚的条件。共同违法认定标准应采“行为共同标准”,各行为人在客观违法行为上成立共同,且至少有一方知悉存在其他行为人正在一起促成违法结果的实现。共同违法处断规则以“一事各罚”为原则,分别确定行为人责任、出具具有独立文号处罚决定书。在立法规定相对人承担连带责任等少数特殊情形下,适用特殊处断规则。

The lack of the theory of administrative common violation has led to “different penalties for the same case” in practice.The theory of joint violation includes two parts,namely,“recognition criteria” and “rules of adjudication”,and its construction and application are based on the culpability principle.The role of the culpability principle in the theory of common violation is reflected in the “syllogism” reasoning of punishment:in determining the major premise,it helps to explain the elements of violations;in the inclusion,it helps to determine the relative of the premise;in determining the result of punishment,it helps to judge the conditions of aggravating and aggravating punishment.The standard of joint violation should adopt the“standard of common conduct”,that is,each actor establishes a common behavior,and at least one party knows that other actors are working together to achieve the illegal results.The principle of “different penalties for one case” is used to determine the responsibility of the perpetrators and issue separate penalty decisions.In a few special cases,such as legislation stipulating joint liability,the special judgment rule shall apply.