美国学区督学表现评价体系:演进逻辑、结构特征及现实困境

American School District Superintendent Performance Evaluation Systems:Logic of Evolution,Characteristics of Structure and Realistic Dilemma

学区督学是美国教育督导科层结构的基础,合理评价其工作表现切实关涉公共教育质量。以20世纪80年代兴起的标准化教育改革为起点,美国学区督学表现评价体系的评价工具开始从混乱走向标准化,评价内容逐渐与职责描述耦合,评价过程也由经验本位转换为证据本位,整体展现出自身的演进逻辑。时至今日,美国各州普遍建立了学区督学表现评价体系,共有34个州颁布了专门的政策文件,有力保障了各级督学工作高质量开展。通过分析政策文本,发现美国学区督学表现评价体系的结构特征包括:采用多维原则,加速体系标准化;设置两类内容,提升体系全面性;改善人事关系,维护体系公正性;搜集“最佳证据”,保障体系有效性。然而,现行评价体系及其背后蕴含的标准化教育改革理念也面临着一系列风险,包括:促进学区督学专业性发展的功能受限;教育董事会与督学的矛盾难以根除;政策覆盖面与指标质量有待提高。总结美国经验教训,可为我国督学工作评价提供如下借鉴:首先,出台省级层面督学表现评价的一揽子政策文件具有重要意义;其次,应重视以循证思维建构督学表现评价体系的内容、步骤与证据库;最后,评价过程中要处理好督学与县市级教育督导机构之间的关系。

The foundation of the American educational superintendent bureaucracy is school district superintendents whose work performance have an effect on the quality of public education and should be properly evaluated.Historically,starting from the standard-based education reform that has emerged since the 1980s,the evaluation tools of the American school district superintendent performance evaluation system evolved towards standardization,the evaluation content was gradually coupled with job descriptions,the evaluation also transformed from experience-based to evidence-based.All this shows the logic of its evolution.At present,all states in the America have generally established school district superintendent performance evaluation systems.A total of 34 states at present have issued special policies,which effectively guarantees the high quality of supervisory work at all levels.Through an analysis of policy texts,it is found that structural characteristics of the American school district superintendent performance evaluation system include:adopting multi-principles to accelerate system standardization;setting up two types of content to enhance system comprehensiveness;improving personnel relationship to maintain system fairness;collecting the"best evidence"to guarantee system effectiveness.However,the current evaluation system and the concept of standard-based education reform behind it also has difficulties in enhancing the professional development of school superintendents,eradicating contradiction between boards of education and superintendents and improving policy coverage and the quality of indicators.Summarizing experience and learning from the lessons of the America could bring reflection on the superintendent performance evaluation of China.Firstly,it is of great significance to promulgate a package of provincial level laws and policies such as norms,regulations,opinions,and measures for superintendent performance evaluation.Secondly,evidence-based mind-set should be put under the construction of content,steps and evidence base of superintendent performance evaluation system.Finally,in the evaluation process,the relationship between superintendents and the county and city-level educational supervision institutions should be handled well.