应急与兜底:重大突发公共危机下的美国学生营养餐项目研究

Emergency and Baseline:Students'School Meal in America Under the Fatal Public Emergency

美国是全球范围内为数不多的在重大突发公共危机下依然能为停课在家的学生供应营养餐的国家之一。在新冠疫情防控整体失利、全社会需食物救济的人口剧增的大背景下,美国借助既有机制和创新手段基本保障了3000万贫困家庭学生营养不中断。一方面,突发情况下自动激活的应急机制为资源调配、管理协调提供了基本的制度保障;适用于假期和突发情况下的专项营养餐项目在确保学生直接获得食物补助方面扮演了主要角色;2009年甲型H1N1流感期间形成的有效应对重大突发公共危机、确保学生营养不中断的做法在新冠疫情期间发挥了一定的作用;另一方面,新冠疫情爆发伊始就被充分激活的应急机制有助于停课不停营养;信息化手段辅助学生资格认证,助力精准发放营养膳食补助;出钱又出力的民间组织与官方机构配合默契,一定程度上填补了官方营养餐项目力度不足的方面。美国的经验为完善和健全突发公共危机下我国学生营养餐项目的应急管理体系提供了参考。我国应拓宽学生营养餐的保障路径,逐步建立以村(社区)为依托的学生营养餐应急和假期供应体系;充分利用大数据的优势,尽早建立精准的学生营养餐资格认证体系;鼓励民间力量参与到学生营养餐事业中来,形成国家和民间力量互补的学生营养餐供给体系,最终实现重大突发公共危机下学生营养不中断的目标。

America is one of the few countries around the world,which can provide school meals for students staying at home due to the fatal public emergency.Despite of a failure in pandemic prevention and control and an increasing population dependent on food assistance,America guarantees the continuous school meal supply of 30 million students from low-income families.On the one hand,the emergency system auto-activated by sudden cases provides resources allocation and management coordination with basic institution guarantee.Specific school nutrition programs applied to vacation and emergency play a key role in insuring the fact that students can directly obtain food assistance.Effective methods formed during the Influenza A in 2009 did a good job when Covid19 appeared to provide continuous supply of students’nutrition.On the other hand,in the initial phase of Covid19,government efficiently activated emergency system and achieved the goal of continuity of nutrition.ICT supplemented certification of student free meal and contributed to allocate cash relief.Non-government organization offering financial and action assistance cooperated with government well,which narrowed down the gap between actual needs and government service to degree certain extant.Our country could broaden the path to secure school meals and gradually build school meal systems specifically for students’holidays and emergencies by basing the system on the unit of communities or villages,establishing accurate student certifications system with advantage of big data so as to identify students participating in free or reduced-price school meal programs,and encouraging non-government organizations to participate in school meal provision to forge complementary school meal systems between government and non-governmental forces.With such efforts,it is possible to achieve the goal of the continuous school meal supply for students from low-income families under the fatal public emergency.