金属纳米材料的生物化学制备及在生物医学领域的应用

The Preparation of Metal Nanomaterials Through Biochemical Methods and Their Applications in Biomedicine

近40年来,金属纳米材料发展迅猛,因其不同于宏观晶体的特殊性质,逐渐在各行业中起到了不可或缺的作用。当下人类面临资源、环境等日益严重的生态问题,因此金属纳米材料与生物学结合的绿色生态模式是大势所趋。本文重点综述了利用各种植物提取物、微生物以及蛋白质等生物材料作为还原剂,制备金属以及金属氧化物纳米材料的生物化学绿色合成方法。这些方法操作简单,制备的材料形貌尺寸不会产生太大变化。除此之外,生物材料的特定结构与金属纳米材料结合,通常会表现出协同或者新的理化和生理性能,以至于这些金属纳米材料在光热治疗及生物成像、抑菌及康复治愈和生物传感器及检测等生物医学领域产生了重大影响。金属纳米材料的生物化学制备会给未来纳米材料和生物学领域带来更多的交叉,会有更多跨学科工作者对其现存挑战来进行努力工作,并且在未来的医疗领域定会有金属纳米材料不可或缺的身影。

In the past 40 years, metal nanomaterials have developed rapidly. Because the special properties of metal nanomaterials differ from macroscopic crystals, they have gradually played indispensable roles in all walks of life. At present, human beings are facing increasingly serious ecological problems, such as lack of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, the green ecological model combining metal nanomaterials with biology is an irresistible general trend. This article mainly focuses on the bio-green synthesis methods of the preparation of the metal and metal oxide nanomaterials with various plant extracts, microorganisms, proteins and other biological materials as reducing agents. These methods are easy to operate and utilize biological reagents with unique physiological structures, which are not only environmentally friendly, but can also limit the growth of nanomaterials, overcome the enormous surface energy, and prevent the enlargement of the metal nanomaterials in size and structure due to Ostwald ripening or agglomeration. In addition, the combination of specific structures of biomaterials with metal nanomaterials usually exhibits synergy or new physicochemical and physiological properties. The surface plasmon resonance of metal nanomaterials will be enhanced under laser irradiation and can emit energy in the form of heat, so it can yield unusually brilliant results in the treatment of tumors. At the same time, with the enhancement of surface plasmon resonance effect, the Raman scattering of the material can be significantly enhanced, so Raman scattering bioimaging can be used to monitor the condition of the upper tumor cells in conjunction with photothermal therapy. Bacteriostatic and antibacterial is a characteristic of most metals,so metal nanomaterials are regarded as a new class of antibacterial biological reagents. The difficulty of wound self-healing lies in bacterial infection, so metal nanomaterials with antibacterial properties have become candidates for treating wounds and other conditions. Many characteristics of metal nanomaterials can be used as media for identifying biological signals and converting them into photoelectric signals to monitor changes with instruments, which has more convenient operation and higher accuracy. Metal nanomaterials prepared from biomaterials can improve and supplement existing medical methods, and accomplish medical goals conveniently and effectively. The biochemical preparation of metal nanomaterials will bring more intersections between the nanometer and biological fields in the future. There will be more interdisciplinary workers to work hard on the existing challenges, and there will be an indispensable figure of metal nanomaterials in medical field in the future.