哲学中的教条及其扬弃

Doctrines in Philosophy and Their Sublation

以抽象的归约为进路,构成了哲学领域教条形成的一般趋向。将“所与”视为“神话”,在强调感觉经验渗入概念的同时否定感觉本身的相对独立性及其认识意义,表现为当代认识论的一种教条;以强化命题性知识与非命题性知识、活动与真理的相分为前提,拒绝承认“知道如何”(knowing how)之知包含命题性内容,是认识论中的另一教条。把积极自由与消极自由作为不相容的两个方面,在质疑积极自由的同时推崇“消极自由”,呈现为政治伦理领域的教条;与之相关的是将正义原则永恒化,它构成了政治、伦理领域的另一教条;以“天下主义”或“天下模式”为形式,“天下”观念被奉为解决国际政治问题的“救世”教条。在心物、主客、天人关系方面,则呈现更普遍意义上凡“合”皆好、凡“分”皆坏的教条。以上诸种教条的形成,与抽象的知性思维方式存在难以分离的关联;克服这类教条,则以回归具体的存在、扬弃独断和抽象的思维方式为前提。

Taking abstract reduction as the approach constitutes the general tendency to the formation of doctrines in the field of philosophy.Regarding“the given”(所与)as the myth,it negates the relative independence of sensation itself and the cognitive significance of sensation,which is a kind of doctrine of contemporary epistemology,while emphasizing the infiltration of sensory experience into the concept;Another doctrine in epistemology is to refuse to acknowledge that the knowledge of“knowing how”(知道如何)contains propositional content while taking as the prerequisite the reinforcement of the division between propositional knowledge and non-propositional knowledge,and the division between action and truth.Based on the idea that positive freedom and negative freedom are two incompatible aspects,advocating“negative freedom”while questioning positive freedom has become a doctrine in the field of political ethics;What is related to it is to eternalize the principle of justice,which constitutes another doctrine in the fields of politics and ethics;In the form of cosmopolitanism(天下主义)or cosmopolitan model(天下模式),the concept of cosmos(天下)is honored as the salvation doctrine to solve international political problems.In terms of the relationships between mind and matter(心物),between subject and object(主客),and between heaven and man(天人),it presents itself in a more general sense as a doctrine that every“unity”is good while every“division”is bad.The formation of the above doctrines is inseparable from the abstract way of intellectual thinking;To overcome this kind of doctrines,the premise is to return to the concrete existence,and sublate the arbitrary and abstract way of thinking.