论大数据时代个人数据产权化的伦理准则

Ethical Principles for the Construction of the Property Right on Personal Data in the Era of Big Data

人类已经迈入大数据时代,国家层面已经提出加快培育数据要素市场、构建数据产权保护规则的路线方针。设计具体产权规则需要伦理准则的指引。理论上,产权、经济自由和伦理基础三者相互依存,交换的蓬勃发展需要破除落后的“自然道德”,而要使人们建立起对产权的普遍信任,需要数据产权自身独特的伦理准则予以支持。企业的大数据集合中通常包含大量的个人信息方面的数据,这些个人数据的产权化势必要符合特定的伦理准则,这是建立数据产权制度的前提。就此而言,当前通行的公平信息实践原则虽有其益处,但只偏重于保护,未能兼顾促进数据利用和流通的终极目标,因此需要扬弃。本文提出新的伦理准则,包括公平、合理预期、透明、预防风险和问责五大原则,这五大原则全面贯彻产权精神,可以调整数据产权的权利义务配置的不同方面。

The human society has entered the era of big data,and China has put forward the guiding policy of accelerating the cultivation of data factor market and building data property protection rules.The design of specific property right rules needs the guidance of ethical norms.Theoretically,property right,economic freedom and ethical basis are interdependent.The vigorous development of exchange needs to get rid of the backward“natural morality”.To enable people to establish universal trust in property right,data property right needs to be supported by their own unique ethical norms.The big data collection of enterprises usually contains a large number of personal information data.The property right of these personal data must comply with specific ethical standards,which is the premise of establishing the data property right system.In this regard,although the current fair information practice principle has its benefits,it only focuses on protection and fails to take into account the ultimate goal of promoting data utilization and circulation.Therefore,it is necessary to sublate.This paper proposes new ethical standards,including five principles:fairness,reasonable expectation,transparency,risk prevention and accountability.These five principles fully implement the spirit of property rights and can adjust different aspects of the allocation of rights and obligations of data property rights.