从马克思主义看库恩科学观的局限性

On the Limitations of Kuhn’s View of Science from the Perspective of Marxism

库恩强调科学发现过程的细节和社会事件的偶然性,而忽视科学理论的客观性。在科学认识活动的“主体-中介-客体”的结构中,库恩强调主体方面,忽视科学活动的客体。库恩批判了逻辑实证主义,科学观转向历史主义,开启了社会建构论。若以马克思主义方法论观察,可以发现库恩科学观的局限性,即割裂逻辑与历史的矛盾关系、片面夸大科学活动中社会因素的不确定性以及延续西方的不可知论传统,这些与马克思主义的基本立场、观点和方法相悖。

Kuhn emphasizes the details of the process of scientific discovery and the contingency of social events, and ignores the objectivity of scientific theory. In the“subject-intermediary-object”structure of scientific cognitive activities, Kuhn emphasizes the subject and ignores the object of scientific activities. Kuhn criticizes logical positivism, turns his scientific view to historicism, and starts social constructivism. From the perspective of Marxist methodology, we can find the limitations of Kuhn’s view of science, that is, separating the contradictory relation between logic and history, unilaterally exaggerating the uncertainty of social factors in scientific activities and continuing the tradition of Western agnosticism, which are contrary to the basic position, views and methods of Marxism.