日本“特定海域”海峡制度:形成背景、法律争议与我国因应

Japan’s"Designated Areas"Straits System:Background,Legal Controversy and China’s Responses

“特定海域”海峡制度的建立是日本综合考量其国内经济、安全保障以及核政策等各方面因素的结果。当前,关于“特定海域”海峡的相关法律争议逐渐凸显。在“用于国际航行的海峡”的构成要件方面,日本通过强调海峡的“使用实态”及船舶通行数量来否认其周边除“特定海域”海峡以外的其他海峡成为“用于国际航行的海峡”的可能性,国际法院在“科孚海峡案”判决中所持立场以及《联合国海洋法公约》的相关规定为反驳该观点提供依据。在海峡通行制度方面,《联合国海洋法公约》第36条规定的模糊性以及相关实践的不充分为探讨“特定海域”海峡的通行制度依然留有讨论空间,我国可综合考量航行权益及近岸安全等因素作出灵活应对。在“冰上丝绸之路”建设和美日海权同盟构建背景下,从合作与竞争两个维度思考“特定海域”海峡的使用问题对维护我国海洋权益具有现实意义。

The establishment of the"designated areas"strait system is on the basis of Japan’s comprehensive consideration of its domestic economy,security and nuclear policy.At present,the legal controversy concerning the straits of"designated areas"has been receiving increasing attention.In terms of constituent elements of the international straits,Japan tries to deny the possibility of other straits around Japan being regarded as international straits by emphasizing the"usage reality"of the straits and the influence of the number of ships passing through on the functional standards.The judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Corfu Channel case and the UNCLOS provides the basis for refuting this position of Japan.With regard to the regime of passage through straits,the ambiguity of Article 36 of the UNCLOS and the inadequacy of the relevant practice leave the room for discussion in determining the regime of passage through straits of"designated areas".China should make a flexible response by taking into account factors such as navigation interests and nearshore safety.In the context of the construction of the"Silk Road on Ice"and the development of the U.S.-Japan maritime alliance,it is of practical significance to consider the use of the straits of"designated areas"to safeguard China’s maritime rights and interests with the dimensions of cooperation and competition.