清代书院招录制度对新时代高校招生改革的启示——基于招生机构主体性地位的历史考察

The Enlightenment of Qing Dynasty College Admissions System to College Admissions Reform in the New Era:A Historical Investigation based on the Subjective Status of Recruitment Agencies

书院是中国古代高等教育的典型形态。清代书院数量多、分布广,大部分书院确立了规范的生徒招录制度。清代书院招录实践具有招生自主、多方参与和精准选拔的特点,在一定程度上彰显了主体性地位,为当下高校招生改革提供了历史借镜。当前,高校对招生主体性地位和主体功能发挥的忽视,使得招生面临同质化、行政化、功利化等困境,难以完全适应建立中国特色现代教育考试招生制度的需要。为强化高校招生主体性地位,需在扩大、落实高校招生自主权的基础上,实现高校招生自主权的学术回归;在多元评价的基础上,建立多方利益主体参与的选拔机制;在进行高校招生能力建设的基础上,提升高校精准选拔合适学生的能力。

Traditional Academies is a typical form of higher education in ancient China.In the Qing Dynasty,there were a large number and wide distribution of academies,and most of them established a standardized system for recruiting students.The academy’s recruitment practice in the Qing Dynasty has the characteristics of independent recruitment,multi-party participation and precise selection,which to a certain extent demonstrates the status of subjectivity and provides a historical reference for the current college admissions reform.At present,universities ignored the subjective status and function of admissions,which makes admissions face the dilemma of homogenization,administration,and utilitarianism,and it is difficult to fully meet the needs of establishing a modern education examination admissions system with Chinese characteristics.To strengthen the subjective status of college admissions,it is necessary to realize the academic return of colleges’enrollment autonomy on the basis of expanding and implementing the autonomy of college admissions,establish a selection mechanism involving multiple stakeholders on the basis of multiple evaluations,enhance the ability of colleges and universities to precisely select suitable students on the basis of the construction of college enrollment capacity.