中心地理论中市场原则的再讨论

A reexamination of the market principle in central place theory

本文指出中心地理论中k=3系统由市场原则生成的几种传统说法的缺陷;提出所有相邻级别中心地,在满足以下两个条件:(1)正三角形的中心地分布和中心地之正六边形市场区;(2)较高级别中心地提供相应级别及比其等级低的货物,它们的市场区(或腹地)之大小应尽可能地接近,以尽最大可能地减少相邻级别中心地市场区之间的差距,进而降低所生成的中心地系统对要配置的商品或服务因其上限或下限范围之要求产生可能的排除,这即是市场原则之合理说法。本文的新提法能够调和克里斯塔勒自上而下和哈格特自下而上建构中心地系统所产生的规模等级及其解释之差异。从廖什的空间垄断竞争型中心地建模理念看,根据此提法建立的中心地系统尽可能地降低了厂商的空间垄断性,以减少厂商取得的超额利润,其符合正常市场理性原则。本文对中心地理论中k=3市场原则内涵的修正能够提升中心地理论对现实世界的分析和实践指导作用。

This study addresses the deficiency in explaining the meaning of the market principle of k = 3 in central place theory. Two contrasting views of explanation-a top-down view by Christaller vs a bottom-up view by Hagget-exist in the literature. As for Christaller, all parts of a region are required to obtain all possible central goods from as few central places as possible that are in operation. As for Haggett, "where the supply of goods from central places is to be as near as possible to be the dependent places a k = 3 hierarchy is indicated, since this maximizes the number of central places". The distinctive views allow us to rethink about the meaning of the market principle in central place theory. We propose that given the condition that central places follow an equilateral triangular distribution with hexagonal markets and that a central place on the higher-level provides goods in both longer-and shorter-distance market ranges, and two adjacent levels of central places, one on the higher level and the other on the lower one, shall have overlapping markets as much as possible(or the size of their market area(or hinterland) should be as close as possible), so that the difference in the market size of the two central places is minimized to reduce the type of goods that could be excluded from them due to maximum or minimum requirement on market ranges. This newly proposed perspective integrates the two existing contrasting views of explanation made by Christaller and Hagget and can be deemed as a reasonable and fair explanation of the market principle of k = 3 in central place theory. It should be noted that this view was first proposed in the textbook Advanced Economic Geography(Chinese version) edited by the author together with Professor Wuyang Yang in 1997. This view can also be verified by L?sch’s central place model, that is,central places built upon the market principle should minimize producers’ spatial monopoly and profit.