从身份险到行为险:新业态从业人员职业伤害保障研究

From Identity Insurance to Behavior Insurance: New Thinking on Occupational Injury Protection for Flexible Platform Workers

新业态从业人员职业伤害保障存在制度短板。现行工伤保险以“劳动者身份”作为参保资格,以劳动关系为前提,而新业态因灵活就业不同于传统的“企业+雇员”模式,难以认定劳动关系而未被纳入工伤保险。学界围绕着“劳动者身份”提出了确认平台灵活就业劳动关系的“身份化”方案与剥离工伤保险参保资格的“去身份化”方案,但不符合新业态本质及工伤保险功能,具有较大局限性。本文认为应经由对平台灵活就业人员的“类雇员身份”构造,将类雇员权益拆解为“单次行为权益”与“持续关系权益”,将职业伤害保障与单次劳务给付行为关联,超越“身份”而以“行为”为基点,建立“行为风险保障”制度,从“从业人员—平台”的保障模式转向“从业人员—行业”的行业化实施机制,形成完全社会化的社会保险模式。

There are shortcomings in the system of occupational injury protection for platform workers.The existing work-related injury insurance takes "employee status" as the qualification for insurance and takes labor relationship as the premise, while the flexible employment of the platform companies is not included in the work-related injury insurance because it is different from the traditional ‘enterprise + employee’ model and it is difficult to ascertain the labor relationship.The academic community has proposed the "identity" solution to confirm the labor relationship of flexible platform employment and the "de-identity" solution to strip the qualification requirement of work-related injury insurance.However, such proposals don’t meet with the nature of the platform employment and the function of work-related injury insurance and have major limitations.By constructing the "quasi-employee status" of the flexible platform workers, the quasi-employee rights and benefits can be dismantled into "single act rights and benefits" and "continuous relationship rights and benefits",and the occupational injury protection is linked with the single act of labor payment, which goes beyond the "identity",and uses the "behavior" as the basis.The system of "behavioral risk protection" takes the "practitioner-industry" model instead of the "practitioner-platform" model in terms of implementation mechanism, and in turn, forms a fully socialized social insurance model.