涓滴策略对乡村社区旅游收益分配的影响

The Impact of the Trickle-down Strategy on Tourism Income Distribution in Rural Communities

虽然近年来地方政府已经意识到涓滴发展的不足,但在乡村旅游发展实践中,仍难以规避旅游投资主体所采取的涓滴策略,即依靠市场力量使旅游发展的经济效益自动地渗透到旅游地的各个阶层。但涓滴策略对乡村社区旅游收益分配的直接影响究竟如何?文章以云南省元阳县为例,实地走访当地4个核心景点周边的6个自然村寨,基于1066份入户数据,对这一问题展开实证研究。典型调查结果表明,元阳县乡村旅游涓滴策略对乡村社区旅游收益分配的直接影响非常有限。文章进一步从经济制度执行偏差和市场选择机制两方面阐述了背后的主要成因。

Although local governments have realized the limitations of trickle-down development in recent years,in the practice of rural tourism development,it is still difficult to avoid the trickle-down strategy adopted by investors.That is,the economic benefits of tourism development are automatically distributed to all levels of the destination society via the market forces.However,what is the direct impact of the trickle-down strategy on the distribution of tourism income in rural communities?This paper takes Yuanyang county in southwest China as an example,visits six villages around four core scenic spots in the local area,and conducts an empirical study on this issue based on 1066 household data.The findings show that the direct impact of the trickle-down strategy on the distribution of tourism income in rural communities is limited.Using an inductive approach,this paper develops a model to describe how direct revenue is distributed to four types of stakeholders in tourism development,namely,tourism resource monopolists,tourism participants with comparative advantage,tourism participants without comparative advantage,and others not involved in tourism development.This paper further expounds on the main reasons for the limited impact of the trickle-down strategy from two aspects:economic system implementation in China and general market selection for tourism.Due to the coexistence of public ownership and collective ownership in rural areas in China,the attribution of the economic benefits generated by the value of tourist attractions normally follows the property rights arrangement of natural resources.However,most tourist attractions,especially rural cultural tourist attractions,are labor commodities rather than natural resources.Therefore,following the property rights arrangement of natural resources,the tourism income generated by the rural cultural landscape is not distributed to the correct subject,which should be the owner of the intangible products on the collective land-the rural community.Generally speaking,the tourism market does not always meet the development needs of tourism participants.A small tourism market size is probably commonplace for most of the destinations in the world.In the case of small market sizes,tourism participants with comparative advantages will compress the tourism revenue of lower-level stakeholders through markdown strategy,business expansion in lower-tier markets,and opportunism,which is the role of the market selection mechanism in tourism.Thus,lower-level stakeholders in tourism are less likely to benefit from tourism development.That is why the trickle-down strategy has a limited direct impact on tourism revenue in rural communities.