关于苏联解密档案的几个问题

Several Questions on the Declassified Archives of the Soviet Union

从20世纪90年代起,俄罗斯大规模解密了苏联时期的档案,引发世人关注。档案解密工作持续至今,总体来说是依法进行的,但是存在立法前的空档期和执法不严等问题。虽然档案解密过程中存在纰漏,但海量档案的解密仍然具有重要的史料价值。一方面,苏联(俄罗斯)国内由于档案解禁,历史研究领域出现了空前活跃的景象;另一方面,解禁档案推动了海外“苏联学”研究。在众多的一般性档案中,最令人感兴趣的非苏共中央档案莫属。除了本国档案和对外交往的文献资料,苏联档案中还包含一部分特殊档案,如“特别档案馆”藏有德意志第三帝国关于第二次世界大战的重要史料和德国占领当局在欧洲没收的文件。近年来,俄罗斯还解密了第二次世界大战期间苏联红军和海军档案文件、苏联驻东德军事管理机关的活动档案、俄罗斯和白俄罗斯军事档案馆以及外交部资料库独有的“机密”历史文件。中国学界对苏联档案做了一些研究,取得了一些成果,但对档案的利用和解读还不够,此项工作尚有待加强。

Since the 1990s,Russia has declassified the archives of the Soviet Union on a large scale and attracted worldwide attention.The ongoing declassification of archives is generally carried out in accordance with the laws but problems such as gaps before the legislation and lax law enforcement do exist.From the perspective of historical study,the declassification of archives has important values and promotes the development of historical study both in Russia and worldwide.Among the archives,the most interesting is the archives of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.In addition to the domestic archives and documents of foreign exchanges,the Soviet archives also contained some special archives such as important historical materials about the German Third Reich during the Second World War and documents confiscated by the German authorities in Europe.In recent years,Russia has also declassified archives of the Soviet Red Army and Navy during the Second World War,archives of the activities of the Soviet military administration in East Germany,"confidential"historical documents of the Russian and Belarusian military archives and the foreign ministry database.Chinese academic circles have done some research on the Soviet archives and achieved some results,but the use and interpretation of the archives is not enough and still needs to be strengthened.