智能合约在政府采购招投标中的应用:路径、难题与法律因应

Application of Smart Contract in Government Procurement Bidding:Path,Problem and Legal Response

基于区块链技术的智能合约具有去中心化、可信任、不可篡改、可验证等特点,其自动执行的特性更是打破了传统合同的交易方式和习惯,因此,被认为是区块链技术中最有潜力的应用。智能合约在政府采购招投标中的运用可以提高政府采购质量、推进政府采购信息公开,但同时面临诸如传统合同转化为智能合约而产生的法律语言到技术语言理解转换的障碍问题、合同法的相关原则和规则如何适用招投标智能合约的法律适用难题以及代码瑕疵和代码漏洞带来的招投标信息安全难题。当下智能合约在政府采购招投标中的应用场景主要通过相应技术对政府采购招投标中“赋值”“赋能”“赋权”三重路径实现。需要以“软法”模式重塑智能合约在政府采购招投标中的应用规则,构建智能合约适用合同法原则和规则的具体规则,完善对智能合约应用安全的法律柔性监管机制,构建区块链技术嵌入的政府采购招投标信息安全多维监督方式。

The smart contract based on blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization,trustworthiness,no tampering,and verifiability. Its automatic execution breaks the traditional transaction mode and habit of the contract,and is considered the most promising application in blockchain technology.The application of smart contract in government procurement bidding can improve the quality of government procurement and promote the disclosure of government procurement information. However,at the same time,when traditional contract is transformed into smart contract,there are understanding obstacles caused by the conversion of legal language to technical language,difficulties in legal application of the relevant principles and rules of the contract law to the smart contract tendering and bidding,as well as information security problems caused by code defects and code loopholes. At present,the application scenario of smart contract in government procurement tendering and bidding is mainly realized through the triple paths of“value assignment”,“enabling”and“empowerment”of corresponding technologies in government procurement tendering and bidding. It needs to reshape the application of intelligent agreement on government procurement bidding rules in“soft law”mode,establish specific rules of contract law principles and rules for smart contract,perfect the flexible legal supervision mechanism for the security application of smart contracts, and establish multidimensional supervision on government procurement bidding information security embedded with block chain technology.