日本高等职业教育新发展:创设职业大学制度

A New Development of Higher Vocational Education in Japan:The Establishment of Vocational University System

近年来日本以及全球经济变化的主要趋向之一是第四次产业革命的兴起与发展。第四次产业革命在影响产业结构与职业结构变化的同时,也对社会所实施的职业教育提出了新要求。日本高等职业教育在数量上、层次上尚存在着与第四次产业革命引起的社会变化不相适应的问题,这为职业大学制度创设提出了现实的必要性。制度改革需要立法先行。在中央教育审议会等咨询机构提交的咨询报告基础上,2017年5月日本国会通过了《学校教育法》修正案,2017年9月文部科学省颁布了《职业大学设置基准》,对职业大学办学做出了明确的规定,完成了职业大学的制度化。职业大学区别于普通大学的主要特征是课程设置突出职业导向,教师构成突出实务导向,教学实施突出实践导向。

In recent years,one of the main trends of economic changes in Japan and other parts of the world is the rise and development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.This revolution has not only affected the changes of industrial structure and vocational structure,but also imposed new require⁃ments on vocational education implemented by the society.In term of the quantity and level,the higher vocational education in Japan is still facing such problems as failing to adapt to the social changes trig⁃gered by the Fourth Industrial Revolution,which puts forward the practical necessity for the establish⁃ment of a vocational university system.As a matter of fact,the system reform needs the legislation to go first.Therefore,on the basis of the consulting reports submitted by the Central Education Review Committee and other advisory bodies,the Japanese Parliament passed the amendment toSchool Educa⁃tion Actin May 2017.In September 2017,the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology issuedBenchmark for Setting up Vocational University,making clear provisions on the running of vocational universities and having basically achieved the institutionalization of vocational universities.Vocational universities mainly differ from ordinary universities in that the curriculum gives prominence to vocational orientation and the composition of the faculty and the teaching implementation also give priority to practical orientation.