养老金收入更公平了吗——基于城乡参保群众公平感受的测度分析

Is Pension Income Fairer—Based on the Measurement Analysis of the Fairness Perception of Urban and Rural Insured People

公平是养老保险制度遵循的价值目标。本文依据相对剥夺理论构建城乡参保群众公平感受评价指标,运用2012—2018年中国家庭追踪调查个人数据及家庭数据,测度了城乡参保群众对养老金收入的公平感受变化。研究发现:从个人视角来看,2012—2018年参保群众对养老金收入的公平感受整体下降;2014年以前群体内差距是影响参保群众公平感受的主要因素,2014年后群体间差距成为影响参保群众公平感受的主要因素;不同群体对养老金收入的公平感受存在一定的异质性。进一步分析发现,参保家庭对养老金收入的公平感受呈现先下降后回升的变化趋势,且整体略高于参保个人对养老金收入的公平感受。由此,本文提出将公平感受评价贯穿养老保险制度改革过程、缩小养老保险地域差距、逐步实现养老保险城乡统筹等建议。

Fairness is the value goal of the pension system.Based on the relative deprivation theory,this paper constructs an evaluation index of fairness perception among insured people in urban and rural areas by using the personal and household data of the China Household Financial Survey from 2012 to 2018,and measures the changes in the fairness perception of them.The study finds that from a personal perspective,insured people's perception of the fairness of pension income overall decreased from 2012 to 2018.Before 2014,the disparity within the group was the main factor affecting insured people's perception of fairness,while after 2014,the discrepancy between the groups became the main factor affecting insured people's perception of fairness.There was some heterogeneity in the perception of fairness of pension income among different groups.Further analysis finds that insured households'perception of the fairness of pension income first decreased and then increased,and is slightly higher than that of insured individuals.Therefore,this paper puts forward some suggestions,such as applying the evaluation of the fairness perception throughout the process of pension insurance system reformation,accelerating the national pooling of pension insurance,narrowing the urban-rural gap of pooling pension,and exploring the integrated development of pension insurance.