天津蓟州区桃花园墓地明清时期缠足女性的足骨形变

Quantitative analysis of bone deformation on foot binding female of Taohuayuan Cemetery of Ming and Qing Dynasties in Jizhou,Tianjin

本文通过量化方法,对桃花园墓地明清时期101例女性足骨形变方式、程度、对称性等进行了系统分析。研究结果表明,双侧足骨形变总体上是对称的。缠足对跗骨的影响主要在于整体尺寸缩小和关节面改变。第1跖骨除整体尺寸缩小外,还存在诸多明显的骨体形态改变;第2、3跖骨头部和底部尺寸缩小,但形变不大。第3至第5近节趾骨骨体长度和高度的侧别差异明显,特别是第3近节趾骨双侧整体不对称。该群体至少在18岁时已经缠足,25岁以后足骨已发生形变,35岁之后形变较明显。部分个体足骨形变程度较轻,其生前可能仅束足纤直,未经裹弯。足骨形变程度与陪葬品多寡并无相关性,其形变差异很可能与身体疾病、劳作需要、缠足方法或缠足观念差异有关。

Based on the quantitative data,the authors systematically analyzed the deformation mode,degree and symmetry of 101 female foot bones in Taohuayuan cemetery in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The results show that although the morphology of bilateral foot bones of a woman with foot binding will be different due to the differences of individual physical development,behavior habits or foot binding techniques,the deformation of bilateral foot bones is generally symmetrical.In addition to the hook shape change of scaphoid tuberosity,the effect of foot binding on tarsal bone mainly lies in the reduction of overall size and the change of articular surface.In addition to the reduction of the overall size of the first metatarsal,the lateral articular surface is obviously prominent,the bone body tends to be flat,the anterior width of the body is greater than the posterior width,and the metatarsal head also produces dissolution and atrophy due to arthritis caused by foot binding.The second and third metatarsal bodies are flat,and the size of the head and bottom is reduced,but the deformation is small.Very few of the fourth metatarsal head will be squeezed to form a flat shape,with slight deformation at the bottom.The deformation degree of the whole sample of the fifth metatarsal bone is different,the deformation of the metatarsal head is diverse,and the trochanter of the fifth metatarsal bone is also deformed.Except that the first proximal phalanx was less affected by foot binding,the deformation of other proximal phalanx was serious.The lateral differences between the first and second proximal phalanges are small,but there are obvious lateral differences in the length and height of the third to fifth proximal phalanges,especially the overall bilateral asymmetry of the third proximal phalanges.The results of the study on the correlation between age and foot binding show that according to the current sample age range,this group has foot binding at least at 18 years old,and the foot bone has been deformed after 25 years old.Due to the lack of samples under the age of 18 years old in this study,it is impossible to determine the age at which the bone begins to deform.In some individuals,the degree of foot bone deformation is relatively light,and they may only have straight foot fibers without bending.Because the degree of foot bone deformation is not related to the number of funerary objects,the difference of foot bone deformation is likely to be related to physical diseases,work needs,the methods or concept of foot binding.