古代彩塑和壁画中植物纤维种类鉴别

Identification of species of plant fibers in ancient painted clay sculptures and murals

针对古代彩塑泥层和壁画地仗中植物纤维种类鉴定技术欠缺的现状,开发出一套以纤维横截面细胞形貌识别为基础的植物纤维种类鉴别方法。从秸秆类植物的化学脱胶技术、提取单根纤维、纤维横截面切片,以及纤维截面细胞形貌对比等开展了系列研究。将该方法应用于彩塑泥层和壁画地仗中常见的9种植物纤维:麦秸秆、稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、高粱秸、黄麻、亚麻、苎麻、剑麻和棉花,并以宁夏须弥山石窟以及甘肃麦积山石窟的彩塑文物样品中取出的纤维标本为例进行了鉴定。结果表明:须弥山石窟彩塑粗泥层中的植物纤维为小麦与黄麻,细泥层中的为苎麻,彩塑佛像手指中的为棉花;麦积山彩塑泥层中含有麦秸秆。研究结果证明本方法可以应用于文物样品中植物纤维种类鉴别。

Considering the deficiency of technologies used for the identification of species of plant fibers in ancient painted clay sculptures and murals,we developed a set of methods based on fiber cross-section cell morphologies and carried out a series of experiments of chemical degumming to extract single fibers,fiber cross-section slicing and fiber cross-sectional cell morphological comparisons.The methods were applied to nine kinds of plant fibers,including rice,wheat,corn and sorghum straws,various kinds of hemps and cotton,which are commonly seen in painted clay sculptures and murals.Fibers in the mud layers of painted clay sculpture samples from Sumeru Grottoes in Ningxia and Maijishan Grottoes in Gansu were tested and identified.The results show that 1)for painted clay sculptures at Sumeru Grottoes,wheat straw and jute fibers were added to the coarse mud layer,ramie fibers added to the fine mud layer and cotton fibers added to the fine part of sculpture fingers and 2)wheat straw fibers were added to the mud layer of painted clay sculptures at Maijishan Grottoes.