不同控温除湿萎凋环境对白茶风味品质和化学轮廓的影响

Effects of Air Conditions Preset for Withering on Flavor Quality and Chemical Profiles of White Teas

为实现基于萎凋环境(温度和湿度)的白茶加工品质目标控制,以茶鲜叶萎凋减重率达45%为环境调控节点,通过高温除湿[(30±2)℃,RH(35±5)%]或低温除湿[(20±2)℃,RH(55±5)%],研究了持续低温除湿(Low-Low)、持续高温除湿(High-High)、先高温除湿后低温除湿(High-Low)和先低温除湿后高温除湿(Low-High)4种不同控温除湿萎凋方式对福安大白茶、黄棪和黄观音等6个茶树品种鲜叶所制白茶感官品质和化学轮廓的影响。结果表明,白茶风味品质主要由鲜叶原料(茶树品种)的理化特性所决定。采用Low-Low萎凋处理的白茶滋味略淡、稍带青气;High-High和Low-High萎凋处理的同一茶树品种白茶的外形和汤色等较为相近,且Low-Low和High-Low萎凋加工的白茶亦具有较为类似的品质特征。各白茶样品的紫外和近红外光谱均有较为相似的吸收变化,并以近红外光谱可为供试茶样的模式识别提供更为丰富的化学信息;白茶样品中的没食子酸、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、没食子儿茶素、咖啡碱和可可碱含量在不同茶树品种间存在一定差异,但萎凋处理对已标定的儿茶素类和嘌呤碱均无显著性影响。基于紫外光谱,尤其是近红外光谱和生化组成(儿茶素类和嘌呤碱)的主成分分析可对白茶样品按鲜叶原料(茶树品种)进行较好的类群区分,但不同萎凋处理对其光谱和生化组成轮廓的影响则被茶鲜叶原料的品种特性所掩饰;采用多级主成分分析可有效呈现4种萎凋环境对不同茶树品种白茶样品近红外光谱和生化组成轮廓的影响趋势,且其对全部白茶样品的分类识别结果与呈现的风味品质感官特征较为一致。研究结果可为白茶风味品质工艺技术调控提供参考依据。

To realize the quality control of white tea based on withering environment, indoor temperature and relative humidity were preset at(30±2)℃ with RH(35±5)% or(20±2)℃ with RH(55±5)% to investigate the effects of four different air conditions on the sensory quality and chemical profiles of 6 tea cultivars(Camellia sinensis), including Fuan-dabaicha, Huangdan, Huangguanyin, etc. According to whether the indoor temperature and relative humidity were mutually switched at the point when the weight loss rate of tea shoots reached 45% during the whole withering procedure, the levels of each withering treatment were named as Low-Low, Low-High, High-Low and High-High,respectively. The results show that the flavor quality of white tea was mainly determined by the physical and chemical characteristics of raw materials(tea cultivars). White teas obtained under Low-Low treatment had a slightly light taste and a little grassy flavor, while the white teas from the same tea cultivars had the similar quality characteristics in appearance and soup color when they were treated with High-High and Low-High, just as High-Low and Low-Low during withering. The ultraviolet and near-infrared spectra of all white tea samples had similar fluctuations, and the near-infrared spectra could provide more abundant chemical information for their pattern recognition. The contents of gallic acid, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, caffeine and theobromine in white tea samples were different among tea cultivars, but withering treatment had no significant effect on the contents of detected biochemical components(catechins and purine alkaloids). Moreover, principal component analysis based on ultraviolet spectra, especially near-infrared spectra or biochemical compositions of white tea samples could better discriminate white tea samples into the same groups according to their raw materials(tea cultivars). The effects of different air conditions on the profiles of spectra or biochemical compositions were exclusively drowned by the characteristics of raw materials. However, the influence of withering treatment on the profiles of near-infrared spectra and biochemical compositions of white tea samples manufactured from different raw materials could be effectively revealed by multilevel principal component analysis, and the classification and identification results of all white tea samples were almost consistent with the characteristics of sensory quality. These facts could provide a reference for the technological regulation of white tea flavor quality.