西汉“侯邑”更名“侯国”年代断限及相关问题考辨

A Textual Research on the Time Limit and Related Problems of the Renaming of Marquis City to Marquis State in Western Han Dynasty

西汉时期列侯封地名称存在一个由“侯邑”演变为“侯国”的过程。综合利用传世文献以及印章、封泥、简牍中与列侯同名的邑类材料,可以推断西汉侯邑更名为侯国的时间在文帝三年左右。更名原因主要有西汉列侯地位逐步下降、侯邑与汤沐邑难以区分以及同名县邑增多等。侯邑更名为侯国,不只是名称的变易,还实际反映了西汉列侯性质的变迁,列侯逐渐丧失了其相对独立的地位。明确侯邑与汤沐邑的区别,可以为判断出土文献中“邑”类材料的性质、断限提供可靠依据,进一步促进汉邑问题的深入研究。

The name of the Marquises in Western Han Dynasty went through a process of evolving from“Houyi”(marquis city)to“Houguo”(marquis state).Based on comprehensive use the materials of county of handed down documents,seals,clay-sealed materials,bamboo slips,it can be inferred that the time when marquis cities changed their names to marquis states was around the third year during Emperor Wen's Reign.The main reasons for the change were the gradual decline of the status of the marquises in the Western Han Dynasty,and the indistinction between the Houyi and Tangmuyi,and the increase in numbers of counties bearing the same name.The change of marquis city to marquis state was not only a change of name,but also reflected the changes of the nature of the marquises in the Western Han Dynasty.The marquises gradually lost their relatively independent status.Clarifying the difference between Houyi and Tangmuyi can provide a reliable basis for judging the nature and age of the county materials in the unearthed literature,and further promote in-depth studies on the county in Han dynasty.