论债权人代位权的构成要件与法律效果

On the Constitutive Requirements and Legal Effect of Creditor’s Right of Subrogation

债权人代位权是《民法典》合同保全制度的重要组成部分,该制度意在维护债权人交易安全和债务人意思自由之间的平衡。由此出发,代位权的客体宜从宽解释,“影响债权实现”要件的认定则应依债之类型而分别采取“无资力说”和“特定物债权说”。《民法典合同编司法解释(草案)》新增了债权人可合并提起代位权诉讼和撤销权诉讼的规定,达到了简化法律关系、加快权利行使的目的。同时,草案还新增规定了管辖协议对债权人的扩张效力。这是类推适用法定移转的债权请求权相关规则的自然体现,值得肯定。面对学说争议,《民法典》第527条并未在“直接受偿说”和“入库规则”间进行非此即彼的选择,而是创造性地规定了“简易债权回收+限定入库”规则,令代位权的法效果依债权或其从权利是否被采取了保全、执行措施以及债务人是否破产而不同。

Creditor’s right of subrogation is an important part of the“Preservation of contracts”in Civil Code. Its aim is to achieve a balance between the creditor’s transaction security and the debtor’s autonomy. Therefore,the object of creditor’s right of subrogation should be interpreted in a broader sense. As for“affecting the realization of any due obligation owed by it to a creditor”,its cognizance should be based on the type of debt and adopt“the theory of insolvency”and“the theory of specific property claims”accordingly. As far as exertion of right is concerned,in order to simplify the legal relations and speed up the exercise of rights,the Interpretation by the Supreme People’s Court of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Book Three Contracts of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(draft)specifically entitles creditors to exercising subrogation right and rescission right simultaneously. At the same time,the draft also stipulates the extension effect of the agreement on jurisdiction to the creditors,which is the natural embodiment of analogy on the legal transfer of creditor’s right and hence should be acknowledged. Article 527 of the Civil Code does not make an“either-or”choice between“priority of compensation”and“the rules of warehousing”. Instead,it creatively establishes the rule of“simple creditor’s rights recovery and restricted warehousing”,whose legal effect is different depending on whether the creditor’s rights or right accessory thereto is subjected to a preservation or enforcement measure,or the debtor is bankrupt or not.