再论定言命令诸公式之间的关系

Re-Discussion on the Relationship Among the Formulas of Categorical

定言命令本质上是理性对意志的规范性要求,普遍法则公式是定言命令的基本公式,体现了这种要求。由于它很抽象,因而康德分别从准则的形式、质料和完备规定来阐明普遍法则公式。通过这三种不同的公式,行动者从客观上认识到准则如何能够成为普遍法则,从主观上意识到意志与理性之间的内在关系。依照定言命令行动,恰好是服从自身的法,彰显了他作为一个目的王国的成员的身份。这种解读清晰地说明,康德伦理学何以是形式的,却以完善和发展人的理性能力为内容。分析派忽略了诸公式间的差异,综合派忽略了它们的同一性,视角主义对普遍公式与“总公式”的区分没有文本根据。

The formula of universal law is the basic formula of categorical imperative,which embodies the normative requirements of reason on the will. Because it is very abstract,Kant discusses categorical imperative respectively from the form,material,and complete determination of the maxim. Through these three different formulas,the agent objectively realizes how a maxim can become a universal law,and subjectively realizes the internal relationship between will and reason. Acting in accordance with categorical imperative,it happens to be obedience to his own law,which demonstrates his identity as a member of the kingdom of ends. This interpretation clearly showcases how Kant’s ethics is formal while its content is to perfect and develop human rational ability. The analytic school ignores their differences,the comprehensive school ignores their identities,and perspectives distinguishes between universal formulas and“major formulas”without textual basis.