“说/被说”:鲁迅小说中的舆论研究

A Study of Public Opinion in Lu Xun’s Novels:“To Say/Be Said”

舆论、流言和谣言是鲁迅小说中的重要元素,而其中的舆论叙事,充分反映了鲁迅小说在思想和艺术上的独创性和个性特征。鲁迅小说中的酒店、茶馆、土场、街道等场所,都构成了舆论场。孔乙己、夏瑜、七斤、狂人、祥林嫂、阿Q等人,始终处于舆论的包围中,成为“被说”的对象。孔乙己、夏瑜的行迹和形象也是靠舆论的信息碎片得以构建起来的,体现了鲁迅小说特有的“舆论构图法”。从舆论结构看,小说中的舆论主体在对舆论客体的消费中获得愉悦并形成了“沉默的螺旋”,舆论本体则依附于权力,从不顾忌事件的是非曲直、道义公理,这就是中国式舆论的基本特点。钱理群等人提出的“看/被看”一直被看作鲁迅小说情节模式的基本形态之一,从舆论入手就会发现,从“看/被看”到“说/被说”再到“吃/被吃”,构成了一个动态结构,而“说/被说”是其中的关键环节。鲁迅笔下的“舆论场”不是现代意义上的“公共空间”,自然也就无法促使中国社会实现现代转型。在鲁迅看来,如果中国的舆论形态不发生根本改变,各种历史闹剧就可能还会重演,这就是鲁迅进行舆论批判的价值所在。

Public opinions,gossips and rumors are important elements in Lu Xun’s novels,and the narration of public opinions fully reflects the originality and individuality of Lu Xun’s novels in thought and art. The wine shops,teahouses,fields,streets and other places in Lu Xun’s novels all constitute the field of public opinions. Kong Yiji,Xia Yu,Qijin,Madman,Xiang Linsao,Ah Q and others have always been surrounded by public opinions and become the topics of“being said”. The traces and images of Kong Yiji and Xia Yu are also constructed by the information fragments of public opinions,which embodies the unique“composition of public opinions”in Lu Xun’s novels. From the perspective of the structure of public opinions,the subject of public opinions in the novel gets pleasure from the consumption of the topics of public opinions and forms a“silent spiral”,while the ontology of public opinions is attached to power and they never cares about the rights and wrongs of events and moral axioms,which is the basic characteristic of Chinese public opinions. The“to see/be seen”proposed by Qian Liqun and others has always been regarded as one of the basic forms of Lu Xun’s novel plot mode. Starting from public opinions,we will find that the dynamic structure has been formed from“seeing/being seen”to“saying/being said”and then to“eating/being eaten”,and“to say/be said”is the key link. The“field of public opinions”described by Lu Xun is not a“public space”in the modern sense,which naturally cannot promote the modern transformation of Chinese society. In Lu Xun’sn’s opinion,if China’s public opinion form does not change fundamentally,all kinds of historical farce may be repeated,which is the value of Lu Xun’s criticism of the public opinion.