传统村落居业分离式空心化识别及驱动机制——以苏州市东村为例

IDENTIFICATION AND DRIVING MECHANISM OF HOLLOW TRADITIONAL VILLAGE CHARACTERIZED BY HOUSING-INDUSTRY SEPARATION: A CASE STUDY OF DONGCUN VILLAGE IN SUZHOU

传统村落是留住乡愁的主要载体,空心化及其引发的人居环境衰败,使传统村落物质遗产和民俗文化的保护与传承面临重大挑战。本文以苏州市金庭镇东村为例,依托农户问卷调查数据,从居业关系视角分析空心化特征和驱动机制,以期为传统村落空心化治理提供启示。研究发现:东村住房呈现为“一户多宅”“一宅多户”和“欠修历建”的致空特点,而产业呈现出“青壮年就业城镇化”和“农业耕作老弱化”的致空特点。通过识别发现,东村居业分离式空心化主要表现为“居业双空”型、“居实业空”型、“业实居空”型等3种类型。其主要驱动力表现为收入水平和就业机会的城乡差异吸引劳动力向城市转移,加之农村的产业落后和家庭结构因素,“乡推城拉”驱使就业城镇化,而城乡二元的土地制度和社会保障体系造成的“城推乡拉”驱使置宅返乡化,但传统村落严格的古建筑保护政策和历史传承因素造成的老房产权问题成为阻碍拆旧建新的因素,形成与一般村不同的住房空心化特征及驱动机制;大城市郊区便捷的交通为居业城乡分离提供了条件,助推了乡村产业、住房的双重空心。

Traditional villages are the main carrier of the homesickness.But rural hollowing and the consequent decline of rural living environment have posed serious challenges to the protection of tangible cultural heritage and traditional folklore.Taking the case of Dongcun Village in Jinting Town of Suzhou,this paper analyzes the characteristics and driving mechanism of hollow village from the perspective of housing-industry relationship based on the questionnaire survey data of households.The study aims to provide inspiration for the governance of hollow traditional villages.The research finds that the housing hollowing in Dongcun Village shows three characteristics of “one household with multiple houses”,“one house owned by multiple households”,and “historic buildings in need of repair”.The industry hollowing is manifested in two characteristics,i.e.,rural-to-urban migration of young people for employment opportunities and the aging and weakening of agricultural laborers.The identification result shows that the hollowing-out characterized by the housing-industry separation in Dongcun Village is reflected in three types,which include the hollowing out of both housing and industry,housing ownership without industry,and industry ownership without housing.The main driving forces are as follows.On the one hand,the gap of income level and job opportunities between urban and rural areas formed the migration towards the city,the backward rural industry and the burden of supporting families in the countryside pushed villagers out,and they together prompted the rural hollowing.On the other hand,in the context of the urban-rural dual system of land and social security in China,it also drove the migrant workers to return to village for housing.But it is hard for villagers to demolish the old houses and build new ones at the original site because of the strict protection policy for historic buildings and the original ownership shared by multiple households.That means the characteristics and driving mechanism of housing hollowing in traditional villages are different from general villages.Besides,the convenient transportation in the suburbs of the large city also exacerbated the housing-industry separation between rural and urban area,leading to hollowing out of both housing and industry in the village.