世界历史性主体的历史生成——马克思对利己主义个人观的批判性改造

The Historical Formation of World-historic Subject——Marx’s Critical Transformation of Egoistic-individualism

唯物史观的“个人”概念的制定,起源于对利己主义个人观的批判,深化于对市民社会内在矛盾的揭示,完善于对一般世界历史进程的考察。回顾这一形成历程,有助于匡正西方学界的片面解读,科学把握个人的历史能动性。首先,马克思批判式地继承了黑格尔法哲学,从市民社会中寻找利己主义个人的现实基础。随后,马克思深入剖析了市民社会的二律背反。一方面它掩盖个人主体异化的悲惨境遇,另一方面它正确地反映了工业文明以来个人主体能力不断拓展的历史趋势。最后,马克思揭示出个人的唯物主义本体论。个人是受限于时空狭隘性的历史定在,但通过继承、发展与革新世代积累的生产力和交往关系,他愈来愈克服狭隘性,成长为“世界历史性的、经验上普遍的个人”。

The formulation of the concept of "individual" in historical materialism originated from the criticism of egoistic individual view, deepened in revealing the internal contradictions of civil society, and perfected in the investigation of the general world historical process. Through the critical inheritance of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Marx began to clarify the realistic basis of the egoism in civil society. And then, Marx deeply analyzed the antinomy of the civil society. On the one hand, it conceals the tragic situation of individual subject alienation, and on the other hand, it correctly reflects the historical trend of the continuous expansion of the ability of the individual subject since industrial civilization. In the last place, Marx revealed the ontology of individuals. In terms of origin, the individual is limited by the narrow historical location of time and space, however, through continuous inheritance and development to the productive forces over the generations, he has become more and more universally connected with the world, growing into a "world-historic and truly universal individual". Reviewing Marx’s logic will help correct the unilateral interpretation abroad, and scientifically grasp the subjectivity of individual in historical development.