Extreme Wind Variability and Wind Map Development in Western Java,Indonesia

Wind-related disasters are one of the most frequent disasters in Indonesia.It can cause severe damages of residential construction,especially in the world's most populated island of Java.Understanding the characteristics of extreme winds is crucial for mitigating the disasters and for defining structural design standards.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations of extreme winds and pioneered a design wind map in Indonesia by focusing on western Java.Based on gust data observed in recent years from 24 stations,the extreme winds exhibit a clear annual cycle where northwestern and southeastern sides of western Java show out-of-phase relationship due to reversal monsoons.Meanwhile,extreme wind occurrences are mostly affected by small-scale weather systems,regardless of seasons and locations.To build the wind map,we used bias-corrected gust from ERA5 and applied the Gumbel method to predict extreme winds with different return periods.The wind map highlights some drawbacks of the current national design standards,which use single wind speed values regardless of location and return period.Beside a fundamental improvement for wind design,this study will benefit disaster risk mapping and other applications that require extreme wind speed distribution.