战争与国家形成的学术史探析--以查尔斯·蒂利为中心

An Academic History of the War and State Building--Taking Charles Tilly as the Center

在社会科学研究中,以查尔斯·蒂利为代表的“战争制造国家”的理论具有重要的学术影响。从1975年到1990年,蒂利多次反思他本人先前的观点,最终在1990年的专著中完善了他关于欧洲国家形成的理论。蒂利提出的“战争制造国家”理论是一个基于欧洲经验的有条件和有解释边界的中层理论,同时这一理论又内含(因果)机制的表达。正是由于“战争制造国家”理论历史化的特点,不同国家的学者针对这一理论展开检验,且取得一系列高质量的对话性和原创性的成果。但是蒂利在提出这一理论过程中的复杂的学术心路还是被后续的一些学者所忽视。一些学者的问题意识依然存在着经验与理论分离的现象。比如,一些学者仅仅强调欧洲经验与非欧洲经验的区别,从而完全忽视了蒂利理论中所具有的一般性概括;另一部分学者从“战争制造国家、国家制造战争”的(因果)机制出发进行提问,从而忽视欧洲与非欧洲不同情境的关键性差异。对于中国社会科学而言,建立抱合经验与一般化概括的中层理论,或许是破解社会科学本土化与普世化困局的办法。

In social science research,the theory of"war-making states"from Charles Tilly has important academic influence.From 1975 to 1990,Tilly revised his earlier views several times,eventually complete his theory in 1990.Tilly's theory of"war-making states"is a middle-level theory with conditional and explanatory boundaries based on European experience,and at the same time,this theory also contains the expression of(causal)mechanism.It is precisely because of the historicization of this theory that scholars from different countries have tested this theory and achieved a series of high-quality works.However,the duality of Tilly's thought in the process of producing this theory were ignored by some scholars.The problem consciousness of some scholars still fall into extreme between experience and theory.For example,some scholars only emphasize the difference between European experience and non-European experience,thus completely ignoring the general generalization of this theory;other scholars ask questions based on the(causal)mechanism of"war makes states,states make war",thereby ignoring key differences between European and non-European contexts.For Chinese social sciences,establishing a middle-level theory that embodies experience and generalization may be the solution to the dilemma of localization and universalization of social sciences.