从控制到利用:刑法数据治理的模式转换

From Control to Utilization:The Transformation of the Data Governance Model of Criminal Law in China

数据安全和数据共享是数据治理的基本目标。受数据赋权观念的影响,现行刑法采用了控制模式,重在禁止“获取”“泄漏”“窃取”数据的行为,并借此对滥用行为进行事前防范。控制模式忽视了数据的公共产品属性,无法全面、有效保护数据法益,导致既无法有效维护数据安全,亦难以实现数据共享。旨在规制滥用行为的利用模式,是刑法数据治理模式调整的现实方向。利用模式可基于以下路径实现:刑法总则中设置专门条款,指导分则数据法益的解释;适当限制控制模式立法,发挥数据的独立价值;增加滥用算法罪、非法提供算法服务罪,弥补现行刑法规范供给不足的缺憾;积极探索涉数据犯罪的违法阻却事由,避免因刑法介入过度而抑制数据共享目标的实现。

Data security and data sharing are fundamental goals of data governance.Influenced by the notion of data empowerment,current criminal law adopts a control model that focuses on the prohibition of“access,”“leakage”or“theft”of data and thus to prevent abuse in advance.However,the control model ignores the public good nature of data and fails to protect the legal interests of data in a comprehensive and effective manner,resulting neither in effective data security nor data sharing.The model of exploitation aimed at controlling abusive behaviour is a realistic direction for the adaptation of the criminal law data governance model.The realization of this mode can be based on the following approach:setting up a special article in the general provisions of the criminal law to guide the interpretation of the legal interests of data in the sub-rules;limiting the control model of legislation to give full play to the independent value of data;adding crimes of abusing algorithms and providing illegal algorithm services to make up for the shortage of current criminal law norms;actively developing the reasons for preventing data-related crimes and avoiding the inhibition of data sharing goals due to the excessive intervention of criminal law.