礼物互惠与当代高原牧区的社会关系

Gift Reciprocal and the Social Relationship of Contemporary Plateau Pastoral Areas

礼物互惠在当代高原牧区社会关系网络中发挥着重要作用。牧人之间以及不同群体之间的礼物互惠过程蕴含的情感道德是深度了解当代高原牧区维系彼此关系的重要介质。文章通过对甘肃玛曲、青海共和等地的田野调查发现,传统手工制作的物品不断被市场化的商品所替代,可礼物馈赠的核心价值并未发生改变,这个核心价值就是“互惠”,而这也正是维系当代高原牧区社会关系的重要纽带。高原牧区礼物交换方式在适用已有的交换理论以外,还可运用“社会动员机制”“时间的控制机制”及其次级机制“伴手礼的即刻回馈”予以解释,这些机制的提出有助于进一步拓宽高原牧区礼物交换与互惠的分析维度。

Gift reciprocity plays an important role in the social relationship network in contemporary plateau pasto⁃ral areas.The emotional moralitybetween herders in pastoral region,between herders and farmers in half-farm⁃ing,half-herding areas,and between herders andother different groups is a vital medium to understand the rela⁃tionship between in the contemporary plateau pastoral areas.Based on the field investigation in Maqu County of Gansu Province and Gonghe County of Qinghai Province,this article discusses that the traditional handmade products have been replaced by market-oriented goods,but the core value of gift giving has remained as"reci⁃procity",which is also a crucial link to maintain the social relations in the contemporary plateau pastoral areas.In addition to the existing exchange theory,the gift exchange in plateau pastoral areas can also be explained by"social mobilization mechanism","time control mechanism"and its secondary mechanism"instant feedback with gifts",that is,the mechanismsare helpful to further improve the analytical dimension of gift exchange and reciprocity in plateau pastoral areas.