14-15世纪明朝与朝鲜倭患的联动效应

Comovement of Japanese Pirates’ Attacks to Ming and Korean Peninsula in the 14th and 15th century

14—15世纪明朝与朝鲜的倭患呈现此消彼长的联动效应。高丽一方暗杀倭寇首领藤经光失败,导致倭寇大规模报复,于是1375年起朝鲜半岛的倭患突然严重,而明朝的倭患相应地减轻。1380年代以后,高丽强化海防和大胜倭寇迫使倭寇撤离朝鲜半岛,转而袭击防备较弱的明朝沿海地区。1392年朝鲜王朝建立后实行招抚倭寇政策,使倭寇在劫掠明朝后前往朝鲜半岛,转身为合法的交易者。朝鲜半岛的倭患由此减轻,而其代价是明朝的倭患趋于严重。朝贡体制下中朝政治军事合作机制的匮乏是造成明朝与朝鲜倭患此消彼长的深层原因。

During the 14th and 15th centuries,the Ming dynasty and the Korean peninsula were jointly attacked by Japanese pirates.On the one hand,the pirates’ invasion extended from the Korean peninsula to the coast of China;on the other hand,attacks by Japanese pirates on the Ming dynasty and the Korean peninsula were also in reverse correlation.The Japanese pirates who attacked the Korean peninsula and the Ming dynasty belonged to the same group.To avoid dispersing their forces,they tended to act together and choose one side as the target.Therefore,the serious Japanese invasion in the Ming dynasty would alleviate the Japanese pirates’ invasion on the Korean peninsula,and vice versa.The rise and fall of attacks by Japanese pirates on the Ming dynasty was not only related to the construction of coastal defense and the effect of diplomacy with Japan,but also related to the appeasement and the war of the Korean peninsula regime against Japanese pirates.Considering its own interests,the Korean dynasty adopted a beggar-thy-neighbor strategy,connivance to the Japanese pirates to attack the Ming dynasty,and acted as the site for the disposal of stolen goods after the Japanese pirates attacked the Ming dynasty.The triangle “trade” mechanism between Ming dynasty,Japanese pirates and Korea played a role behind the reverse correlation between Japanese pirates’ attacks in the Ming dynasty and their attacks in the Korean peninsula.The lack of political and military cooperation mechanism between China and Korea under the tributary system is the deep reason for “as one falls,another rises”of Japanese pirates’ aggression between Ming Dynasty and Korea.