阿卡迪亚型博物学在日本:从万叶博物学到里山模式

Arcadian Natural History in Japan:From the Natural History of Manyo to the Satoyama Model

如果说帝国型博物学的发展局限于近代西方文明,阿卡迪亚型博物学则出现在人类诸文明的博物学传统之中,其共同特征是天人和谐的乌托邦理念。对日本阿卡迪亚型博物学传统的考察有助于从非西方视角丰富其理解。17世纪李时珍《本草纲目》的东传刺激其形成了以辨物为核心的本草学传统。19世纪初,本草学与国学的交汇促进了万叶博物学的兴盛,幕末本草家畔田翠山可谓集大成者。万叶博物学为人们提供了一种感受、认知和体验自然的方式。日本近代化所导致的对自然环境的破坏激起了部分有识之士的抗议,博物学家南方熊楠在反对运动中集中论述了神社周围的镇守之森的重要性,回应了如何在现代社会维持日式自然的挑战。战后高速成长导致日本环境问题丛生,1970年代以来日本社会对于人和自然关系的反思使得里山模式成为备受推崇的阿卡迪亚型博物学实践方案之一。

While the development of imperial natural history was limited to the western civilization,Arcadian natural history emerged among all civilizations,with the common feature of the utopian concept of harmony between nature and man.The case study of the Japanese arcadian natural history helps to enrich its connotations from a non-western perspective.When the Compendium of Materia Medica by Li Shizhen was introduced to Japan in the 17th century,a tradition of natural history was formed with the identifi-cation of natural objects at its core.In the early 19th century,the confluence of natural history and Kokugaku contributed to the flourishing of natural history of Manyo,of which the late Edo scholar Kuroda Suizan is the most representative.Natural history of Manyo provided for Japanese a way to feel,know,and experience nature.The destruction of the natural environment as a result of modernization in Meiji Japan provoked many protests,and the scholar Minakata Kumagusu focused on the importance of the Jinshu no Mori around shrines in the early 20th century in his campaign against the shrine enshrinement,responding to the challenge of how to maintain Japanese-style natural environment in modern society.High growth in post-war Japan has led to various types of environmental destruction,and reflection on the new relationship between man and nature since 1970s has made the Satoyama model a kind of arcadian natural history project highly respected in contemporary Japanese society.