绿色高能效数据中心散热冷却技术研究现状及发展趋势

Research Status and Future Development of Cooling Technologies for Green and Energy-Efficient Data Centers

数据中心是我国的重要基础设施之一,行业规模不断扩大,市场收入逐年增加,用电量与日俱增。我国当前投入运行的数据中心中,散热冷却系统以风冷为主,能量利用率低,节能潜力大,发展新型绿色高能效数据中心散热冷却技术势在必行。散热冷却技术需解决两个问题,一是设备发热量增加,散热冷却系统制冷能力需相应提高来实现产热与移热速率匹配;二是能源利用效率偏低,需发展具有工业应用前景的绿色高能效散热冷却技术。本文简要概述了数据中心散热冷却方式的发展现状,将散热冷却技术分为空调制冷、新风制冷、间接液冷、直接单相液冷、直接两相液冷五类;分析了散热冷却技术的发展趋势,新型绿色高能效数据中心应注重散热冷却系统效率提升、冷热流体通道优化、新型液冷材料应用、热回收系统推广等;根据“双碳”及“新基建”等国家发展战略,从优化顶层设计、突破关键技术、制定科学标准、完善产业布局、注重能源结构等方面为实现数据中心产业平稳有序发展提出了合理化建议。

Data centers are important infrastructure in China,with constantly increasing industry size,market revenues,and electricity consumption.The major cooling systems of data centers currently in operation in China are air-cooled,with a low energy utilization rate and great potentials for energy saving.Therefore,it is imperative to develop novel cooling technologies for green and energy-efficient data centers.The cooling technology needs to solve two problems.First,as equipment heat production increases,the cooling capacity of the cooling system needs to be improved to match heat production and transfer rates.Second,to address the low energy efficiency problem,green and energy-efficient cooling technologies with industrial application prospects need to be developed.This study reviews the development status of data center cooling methods and categorizes cooling technologies into air conditioner cooling,fresh air cooling,indirect cooling,direct single-phase liquid cooling,and direct two-phase liquid cooling.We analyze the development trends of cooling technologies and suggest that green and high-efficient data centers should focus on the improvement in the efficiency of cooling systems,optimizations of hot and cold fluid channels,applications of new liquid cooling materials,and promotion of heat recovery systems.Furthermore,we propose suggestions for the stable and orderly development of the data center industry from the aspects of optimizing top-level design,developing key technologies,formulating scientific standards,improving industrial layout,and focusing on energy structure.