量子计算研究现状与未来发展

Current Status and Future Development of Quantum Computation

量子计算乃至更为广泛的量子信息,是基于量子力学原理发展出来的概念与技术体系,涉及信息的本质及其处理。量子计算利用量子叠加、量子纠缠等资源进行信息编码和处理,已被证明在若干问题上具有相对于经典计算的极大优势,在实用化后将对信息及相关科技产生深远影响。本文概要回顾了量子计算的发展历史,如量子计算思想与概念的形成、重要理论及算法的发展以及应用情况;梳理总结了代表性的量子计算技术路线及其发展态势,如超导量子计算、分布式超导量子计算、光量子计算、囚禁离子量子计算、硅基量子计算及若干其他体系。着眼不同技术路线面临的共性问题,对我国量子计算领域未来发展提出建议:注重战略规划和布局,培养高水平研究团队,加强基础研究、核心技术、关键设备的自主研发。

Quantum computation,as part of the broader field of quantum information,represents an assembly of concepts and techniques that concern the nature and processing of information based on quantum mechanics.Quantum computation utilizes unique resources such as quantum superposition and quantum entanglement to encode and process information and has been proved to be dominantly advantageous over classical computation on certain important scientific and engineering problems.Potential applications of quantum computation are expected to influence future information technology and many other related fields deeply and significantly.In this article,we briefly review the history of quantum computation,including how its fundamental ideas and concepts came into being and the development of its significant theories and algorithms.We also discuss the status and outlook of several representative technical routes in this field,including superconducting quantum computation,distributed superconducting quantum computation,photonic quantum computation,trapped-ion quantum computation,silicon-based quantum computation,as well as other systems.Furthermore,by analyzing certain common issues faced by all routes,we propose some thoughts and suggestions for future development of quantum computation in China.We particularly emphasize the following:reinforcement of strategic planning at a national level,establishment of a research team of high caliber,and boost of relevant fundamental research and development of core techniques and critical instruments.