路径与取向:情感史与中国古人情感

Research Path and Orientation:History of Emotions and Emotions of Ancient Chinese

情感史针对的是理性史学中存在的偏颇。自20世纪七八十年代以来,情感史受到更多关注。1985年,美国社会史家斯特恩斯夫妇提出“情感学”之说;之后,罗森宛恩又提出“情感团体”一词,倡导差异化研究情感史。21世纪初,当代史学出现“情感转向”。情感史探讨社会的情感规范及集体与个人的经验与应对。处理情感史料,须借助“语言学转向”的文本认知。中国古人并非如某些西方人所说,是“缺少情感的中国人”,儒家经典《礼记》中就有“七情”之说。从项羽、武则天两位名人的感情经历,可以探讨社会情感规则的变化和情感对历史的影响;李顼和王端淑两人则展示了士人阶层的情感状态和古人隐蔽的情感世界,这丰富了相关的历史认知。另外,从日常生活史、性别史和差异视角可见中国古代情感史可延展的方向。

History of emotions aims at the biased understanding of rational history.The history of emotions has attracted more attention since the 1970s and 1980s.The American social historian Stearns and his wife put forward the theory of“emotionology”in 1985.Later,Barbara Rosenwein put forward the term“emotional communities”and advocated the differentiated study of history of emotions.There was an“emotional turn”in contemporary historiography at the beginning of the 21st century.History of emotions discusses the emotional rules of society and the experience and response of collective and individual.We must rely on the text cognition of“linguistic turn”when dealing with historical materials of emotions.Chinese were not“the emotionless Chinese”as some Westerners said,for“The seven human emotions”(七情)is written in Book of Rites(《礼记》),one of the Thirteen Classics of Confucianism(儒家十三经).This paper takes Xiang Yu(项羽),Wu Zetian(武则天),Li Xu(李顼)and Wang Duanshu(王端淑)as examples to reveal the feelings of the ancients,either publicized or hidden.Finally,taking the history of daily life,gender history and difference perspective as examples,the paper briefly discusses the extensible direction of the history of emotions in ancient China.