长江流域旱地多熟模式水分供需平衡特征与水分生产效益

Characteristics of water supply-demand equilibrium and water production benefits of the dryland multiple cropping patterns in the Yangtze River basin

长江流域年内降雨分布不均,季节性干旱问题严重,构建以避旱减灾为主体的多熟间套作种植模式是实现本区域水资源高效利用的根本途径。本研究于2016—2020年在长江流域(四川、湖北、湖南、江西、江苏等5个地区)进行旱地多熟模式水分利用特征评比试验,分别设置为四川:小麦-夏玉米(C1)、小麦-夏玉米‖夏大豆(C2)、饲草油菜-春玉米/夏大豆(C3)、马铃薯-春玉米/夏大豆(C4);湖北:油菜-夏玉米‖夏大豆(B1)、饲草油菜-春玉米‖春大豆(B2)、马铃薯/春玉米/夏大豆(B3);湖南:油菜-夏玉米‖夏大豆(N1)、饲草油菜-春玉米/夏大豆(N2)、饲草油菜-春玉米‖春大豆-秋大豆(N3);江西:马铃薯/春玉米/夏大豆(X1)、油菜-夏玉米‖夏大豆(X2)、黑麦草-春玉米/夏大豆(X3)、黑麦草-春玉米‖春大豆(X4);江苏:小麦-鲜食玉米/鲜食玉米(S1)、小麦-鲜食玉米/鲜食大豆(S2)、鲜食蚕豆/鲜食玉米-鲜食玉米(S3)、鲜食蚕豆/鲜食玉米-鲜食大豆(S4)。应用AquaCrop模型比较了不同种植模式的水分供需平衡特征、折谷总产量和单方水效益。4年结果表明,四川C4的水分满足率较C1、C2和C3平均分别增加5.28%、2.91%和6.00%,折谷总产量分别显著增加71.2%、49.3%和25.6%,单方水效益分别增加329.29%、123.42%和45.52%;湖北B3的水分满足率较B1和B2平均分别增加3.99%和3.51%,折谷总产量分别显著增加36.8%和25.8%,单方水效益分别增加295.60%和69.01%;湖南N2的水分满足率较N1和N3平均分别增加9.08%和2.93%,单方水效益分别增加58.47%和183.33%;江西X1的水分满足率较X2、X3和X4平均分别增加7.94%、6.70%和4.05%,折谷总产量分别显著增加112.4%、152.5%和116.8%,单方水效益分别增加70.13%、15.49%和46.53%;江苏S4的水分满足率较S1、S2和S3平均分别增加8.93%、5.85%和2.96%,折谷总产量分别显著增加35.4%、17.5%和12.6%,单方水效益分别增加60.25%、14.93%和45.56%。四川、湖北、湖南、江西和江苏分别种植马铃薯-春玉米/夏大豆、马铃薯/春玉米/夏大豆、饲草油菜-春玉米/夏大豆、马铃薯/春玉米/夏大豆和鲜食蚕豆-鲜食玉米/鲜食大豆等种植模式,有利于改善水分供需平衡特征,提高折谷总产量和单方水效益。长江流域旱地应根据不同的降雨条件选择适宜的多熟间套作种植模式,以实现避旱减灾和水资源高效利用。

The seasonal drought is a serious problem because of the unevenly distributed rainfall during the years in the Yangtze River basin.To construct multi-cropping patterns of intercropping with drought avoidance and disaster reduction as the main body is the fundamental way to realize the efficient utilization of water resources.Therefore,we carried out dryland multiple cropping patterns evaluation in test in the Yangtze River(Sichuan,Hubei,Hunan,Jiangxi,and Jiangsu)from 2016 to 2020,the cropping patterns was set as wheat-summer maize(C1),wheat-summer maize summer soybean(C2),forage rape‖-spring maize/summer soybean(C3),and potato-spring maize/summer soybean(C4)in Sichuan.Rape-maizesummer soybean(B1),forage rape‖-spring maize spring soybean(B2),and potato/spring maize/summer soybean(B3)in‖Hubei;rape-maize su‖mmer soybean(N1),forage rape-spring maize/summer soybean(N2),and forage rape-spring maize spring soybean‖-autumn soybean(N3)in Hunan;potato/spring maize/summer soybean(X1),rape-maize summer soybean(X2),ryegrass‖-spring maize/summer soybean(X3),and ryegrass-spring maize spring soybean(X4).Wheat‖-fresh maize/fresh maize(S1),wheat-fresh maize/fresh soybean(S2),fresh broad bean/fresh maize-fresh maize(S3),and fresh broad bean/fresh maize-fresh soybean(S4)in Jiangsu.We compared the characteristics of supply-demand equilibrium,the paddy of the overall productions and the water benefits of different cropping patterns with the AquaCrop model.These results showed that the water satisfy rate of C4 was 5.28%,2.91%,and 6.00%higher than C1,C2,and C4,and the paddy of the overall production was 71.2%,49.3%,and 25.6%higher,respectively,and the water benefit was 329.29%,123.42%,and 45.52%higher in Sichuan.The water satisfy rate of B3 was 3.99%and 3.51%higher than B1 and B2,and the paddy of the overall production was 36.8%and 25.8%higher,and the water benefit was 295.60%and 69.01%higher in Hubei,respectively.The water satisfy rate of N2 was 9.08%and 2.93%higher than N1 and N3,and the water benefit was 58.47%and 183.33%higher in Hunan,respectively.The water satisfy rate of X1 was 7.94%,6.70%,and 4.05%higher than X2,X3,and X4,and paddy of the overall production was 112.4%,152.5%,and 116.8%higher,respectively,and the water benefit was 97.03%,126.14%,and 77.68%higher in Jiangxi,respectively.The water satisfy rate of S4 was 7.94%,6.70%,and 4.05%higher than X2,X3,and X4,and paddy of the overall production was respectively 35.4%,17.5%,and 12.6%higher,and the water benefit was 60.25%,14.93%,and 45.56%higher in Jiangsu,respectively.Potato-spring maize/summer soybean in Sichuan,potato/spring maize/summer soybean in Hubei,forage rape-spring maize/summer soybean in Hunan,potato/spring maize/summer soybean in Jiangxi and fresh broad bean/fresh maize-fresh soybean in Jiangsu were the appropriate cropping patterns that can improve the water supply-demand equilibrium,paddy of the overall production,and water benefit.To avoid seasonal drought and achieve annual high yield,the appropriate multiple cropping patterns of intercropping should be selected depending on the rainfall conditions in the dryland of the Yangtze River basin.