“职权主导型”刑事分案模式研究

On the“Authority-dominated”Mode of Criminal Case Allocation

我国刑事诉讼中存在着一种“职权主导型”刑事分案模式。在这一模式下,分案被看作是公检法机关职权范围内的事项,并服务于办案需要,但是未能对被追诉人权利给予必要的关照。“职权主导型”刑事分案模式与域外的“权利主导型”刑事分案模式存在本质差异,其形成与我国刑事分案的服务型定位、公检法三机关的关系以及案卷笔录中心主义的传统等有密切关系。该模式虽然与我国当前的刑事诉讼构造相契合,满足司法实践的需求,但是缺乏正当性内核,不仅有违程序公正,而且存在产生错案的风险。未来有必要在坚持“职权主导型”刑事分案模式的基础上对其进行优化,引入权利保障因素。具体可建立刑事分案的层层制约机制,赋予被追诉人分案参与权和救济权,保障被追诉人分案审理中的对质权,并有必要阻断前案裁判效力在后案中的扩张,以实现后案庭审实质化。

There is an “authority-dominated” mode of case allocation in Chinese criminal procedure. In this mode, the allocation of criminal cases is regarded as a matter of the court, procuratorate and public security organs, so as to conveniently handle criminal cases. But it fails to give adequate attention to the defendant’s right. Such a “authority-dominated” mode is the result of the service-oriented position of the division in criminal cases, the relationship between the court, procuratorate and public security organs, and the tradition of centralizing on the files and notes, which leads to the essential differences between it and the “right-oriented” mode in foreign jurisdictions. Although the “authority-dominated” mode is consistent with current structure of Chinese criminal procedure and meets the requirements of judicial practices, it lacks reasonable basis, which not only violates the procedural justice, but also may lead to wrong convictions. In the future, we should take reform measures to optimize our “authority-dominated” mode, including to introduce the elements of rights protection. Specifically, it is necessary to establish a tight restriction mechanism of allocation of criminal cases, to grant the defendant’s right to participate and seek relief in the division, to strengthen the defendant’s right of confrontation, and to block the expansion of previous judgment in subsequent cases, in order to realize the substantiation of court hearing in subsequent cases.