PISA学习机会测评的审视与启示

Reviews and Revelations about Measurement of Opportunity to Learn in PISA

学习机会是表征学习环境的一个重要概念,是影响学业表现的一个重要变量,也是研究教育公平的一个新视角。PISA自2000年开展测评以来,在PISA 2012的测评框架中首次确立“学习机会”这一概念,明确开展学习机会测评,给出了包含学习内容、教学实践、教学质量三个维度的学习机会测评体系,以数学学科为载体,设计了“应用数学问题、正式数学问题、数学文字题”三类数学测评任务。通过学生调查问卷,收集学生在校学习期间所接触的不同类型的数学问题的资料,从“内容”和“时间”两个层面获取学生数学学习机会的信息,并从接触应用数学问题的频繁程度、对正式数学内容的熟悉程度、接触数学文字题的频繁程度三个方面进行学习内容方面学习机会的评价。PISA 2012采取学生问卷调查、量化评分为主的测评方式,依托特定课程内容、注重学科情境与生活情境的测评任务选择,以及构建的学习机会测评体系,稳中微调延续到PISA2022的测评框架中。PISA数学学习机会测评的设计与实施理论、测评结果等对我国本土化的学习机会测评研究与实践和教育公平的深度推进具有一定的启示和借鉴参考意义。

Opportunity to learn is an important construct to represent learning environment,it is also an important variable in academic performance,as well as a new perspective to study education equity.In the history of PISA since 2000,the concept of"opportunities to learn",has been established for the first time in the assessment framework of PISA 2012.PISA 2012 carried out the measurement of opportunities to learn,and constructed an assessment system with three dimensions,including learning content,teaching practice and quality of instruction.Taking mathematics as the carrier,it designed three tasks:"applied mathematics,formal mathematics and word problems",and collected the data through student questionnaires,by different types of mathematics problems that students encountered during their study in school,obtained the information of students’opportunities to learn mathematics from the two levels of"content"and"time",and measured the opportunities to learn from three aspects:the frequency degree of exposure to applied mathematics,the degree of familiarity with formal mathematics,and the frequency degree of exposure to word problems.The measurement methods are based on student questionnaire survey and quantitative scoring,the selection of measurement tasks relies on specific curriculum content,focusing on subject situation and life situation,and the assessment system of opportunities to learn in PISA 2012 steadily continues PISA 2022 assessment framework with fine tunes.The design and implementation of opportunities to learn mathematics in PISA,and the measurement results,provide suggestions for the research and practice of localized measurement of opportunities to learn and the in-depth promotion of educational equity.