美国家庭处境不利婴幼儿早期干预模式研究——基于“美国健康家庭”家访项目

Research on Patterns of Early Intervention for Disadvantaged Children in American Families——Based on Home Visiting Program of the Healthy Families America

家庭处境不利婴幼儿早期干预不仅是美国弱势补偿机制的重要组成部分,也是美国促进教育公平和社会稳定发展的重要路径。家访作为一种日益普遍的早期干预模式,减少了美国处境不利家庭的婴幼儿及其父母的发展风险。其中,从怀孕期就开始对处境不利家庭实施介入的“美国健康家庭”家访项目,成为美国改善家庭处境不利婴幼儿早期发展结果项目中最广泛、最悠久的干预项目。它通过自愿参与的方式对家庭处境不利家庭中的婴幼儿及其父母提供密集型早期干预服务,减少了婴幼儿童年不良遭遇,尤其是降低了婴幼儿虐待和忽视事件的发生概率,为处境不利家庭提供了广泛的早期预防支持。该项目在家庭功能失调致使婴幼儿发展危机,加之其他家访项目取得成功进展的背景下出台并迅速得到推广。通过确立整全发展的服务目标、筛选精准范围的服务对象、提供灵活多样的项目服务资源以及培训专业可靠的服务人员等方式,该项目架构了全美家庭访问的通用模型。诸多循证研究表明,该项目在保障儿童发展权益、提升父母养育效能以及改善家庭经济状况等方面取得积极成效。借鉴该项目的成功经验,我国应建构起在地化家庭处境不利婴幼儿早期干预模式,依托大数据平台精准筛选和长期追踪服务对象,为家庭处境不利婴幼儿提供多样化的服务资源,以及加强家庭访客的文化回应性培养和专业化建设,由此全方位地促进家庭处境不利婴幼儿的早期发展品质。

The early intervention for disadvantaged children is not only an important part of the compensation mechanism for disadvantaged children in the United States,but also an important path to promote educational equity and social stability.Home visits,an increasingly common mode of early intervention,have reduced developmental risks for infants and their parents in disadvantaged families in the United States.Among many similar early intervention programs in the United States,Healthy Family America(HFA)home visiting program,which involves disadvantaged families from conception,is the most extensive and long-standing one to improve the early development outcomes of disadvantaged infants and young children.It provides intensive early intervention services to children and their parents from disadvantaged families through voluntary participation,reduces adverse childhood experiences of children,especially the incidence of child abuse and neglect,and provides extensive early prevention support to disadvantaged families.The program was launched and rapidly expanded at a time when dysfunctional families were leading to infant and child development crises and other home-visiting programs were making successful progress.By establishing comprehensive service objectives,recognising a precise range of clients,providing flexible and diverse service resources,and training professional and reliable service personnel,the program provides a universal model for home visits throughout the United States.Many evidence-based studies show that the program has achieved positive results in safeguarding children’s development rights,enhancing parental parenting effectiveness and improving families’economic status.Drawing on the successful experience of the program,China could establish an early intervention model for disadvantaged infants in localized families,shifting aims from protection to prevention,accurately screen and target the clients based on big data platform,provide diversified service resources for disadvantaged infants,and strengthen cultural responsiveness and professionalism of family visitors.Thus,the early development quality of children in disadvantaged families can be promoted comprehensively.