论前国家阶段的文明与不文明

On Civilized or Uncivilized in the Pre-State Stage

摩尔根把继野蛮时代之后、高于野蛮时代的社会阶段称为civilization,被译成“文明社会”。恩格斯认为“国家是文明社会的概括”,一些学者把这句话理解为一旦建立国家就意味着进入了文明社会,把“国家”等同于“文明社会”,把“国家起源”等同于“文明起源”,甚至把“国家”等同于“文明”。距今4000—5000年是文献中的五帝时代和考古上的龙山时代,其处于建立夏朝之前的前国家阶段,取得了许多前所未有的创造发明,被认为已经进入了“文明社会”,但是这个时期盛行人殉人祭习俗,并且充满了战争、暴力与杀戮,究竟是文明还是不文明呢?

Morgan called the social stage following the barbarism and higher than the barbarism civilization,which was translated as“civilized society”.Friedrich VonEngels believed that“the state is the generalization of a civilized society”which some scholars interpretedas that the establishment of a state means entering a civilized society,and they equate“the state”with“civilized society”,“the origin of a nation”with“the origin of civilization”,and even“nation"with"civilization”.The era of the Five Emperors in the literature and the Longshan era in archaeology 4000-5000 years ago were in the pre-state stage before the establishment of the Xia Dynasty,and made many unprecedented creations and inventions.They are considered to have entered a“civilized society”,but the custom of sacrificial sacrifices prevailed in the period,and it was full of wars,violence and killing.Are they civilized or uncivilized?