“重刑治毒”的理论透视、实践反思与完善路径

Theoretical Perspective, Practical Reflection and Improvement Paths of “Severe Penalty for Drugs”

我国长期对毒品抱持“妖魔化”的态度,“重刑”始终是我国治理毒品犯罪的主要策略。基于刑罚威慑的“重刑治毒”主要依托于理性选择理论和控制理论。选取“中国裁判文书网”2015年至2020年我国31个省的走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品犯罪全国一审法院判决文书,实证检验了刑事重典对遏制毒品犯罪的作用效果。研究发现,单一的“重刑”手段对毒品犯罪遏制效果有限,甚至一定程度上会加剧毒品犯罪蔓延。进一步分析发现,“重刑”与毒品犯罪生成规律之间的悖论以及抽象、离身、孤立的认知视野是“重刑治毒”失灵的内在机理。因此,减少毒品市场的需求,构建动力性、情境化、具体化的综合防控体系是有效治理毒品犯罪的关键。

China has held a “demonization” attitude towards drugs for a long time, and “severe penalty” has always been the main strategy for China to curb drug crimes. Based on penalty deterrence, the “severe penalty for drugs” mainly relies on rational choice theory, control theory, profit maximization theory and behaviorist punishment theory. The judgement documents of first instance verdicts on smuggling, trafficking, transportation,and manufacturing of drug crimes in 31 provinces of China from 2015 to 2020 were selected to empirically test the effect of severe penalty on curbing drug crimes. Studies have found that severe penalty not only has little deterrent effect on drug crimes but may even aggravate the spread of drug crimes. The inherent reasons for the failure of severe penalty strategy are the paradox between “severe penalty for drugs” and the generation mechanism of drug crimes, and the limited traditional cognitive vision of abstraction, separation and isolation. Therefore, reducing the demand of the drug market and adopting a dynamic, contextual, and specific prevention strategy is the key to effectively curb drug crimes.