北朝石窟视阈下高句丽墓葬壁画中的佛教元素——以长川1号墓为中心

Buddhist Themes in the Murals of the Goguryeo Tombs——Centering on Tomb No. 1 in Changchuan

以集安长川1号墓壁画为代表的高句丽佛教元素对“凉州模式”“平城模式”“洛阳模式”等北朝石窟有不同程度的吸收和继承。通过将其与以武威天梯山、永靖炳灵寺第169窟、敦煌莫高窟北凉三窟等为代表的“凉州模式”石窟的比对,显露出文化传播的痕迹。集安长川1号墓礼佛图布局、释迦主佛、飞天、供养菩萨等佛教元素已不同程度可见高句丽对北朝中原和河西佛教传统的继承和发展,供养菩萨花蔓冠、莲花化生等在形态上反映了与西域的渊源关系。关于飞天,与莫高窟西魏石窟飞天存在诸多相似,与龙门石窟、巩义石窟、义县万佛堂石窟的飞天形态则愈加接近,这也从侧面反映了飞天这一中古时代重要的佛教元素在中国北方的传播和流变。

The murals of Goguryeo, represented by Tomb No. 1 in Changchuan, Ji’an City, inherited many Buddhist themes from cave temples created during the Northern Dynasties. The extent to which this influence was absorbed varies between murals, though the artistic styles they embody can be divided into the “Liangzhou model,” the “Pingcheng model,” and the “Luoyang model.” A comparison of the murals in the abovementioned tomb with caves built according to the “Liangzhou model,”otherwise represented by the Tiantishan Grottoes in Wuwei, cave 169 of the Binglingsi Grottoes in Yongjing, and the three“Northern Liang caves” of the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, reveals distinct traces of a gradual process of cultural dissemination. Buddhist elements in the tomb at Changchuan include the layout of a scene in which laity worship the Buddha, and depictions of Sakyamuni, apsaras, and attendant bodhisattvas, all of which show clearly that Goguryeo Buddhism inherited and built on the Buddhism of the Northern Dynasties from the Central Plains and Hexi. The detail of adding flower crowns to attendant bodhisattvas and reincarnations positioned on lotus flowers indicate that the Buddhism of the region was also closely related to the culture of the Western Regions. Furthermore, the apsaras depicted in the murals have much in common with similar images found in the Western Wei caves at Mogao and closely resemble paintings of apsaras in the Longmen Grottoes, the Gongyi Grottoes, and the Wanfotang Grottoes. The prevalence of this motif throughout cave murals from the same period reflects the spread and evolution of apsara as an important element of medieval Buddhism in northern China.