论杜威经验概念的辩证法及其德育价值

The Dialectic of Dewey’s Experience and Its Value of Moral Education

经验概念是杜威道德教育哲学的理论核心。“经验”内蕴现实性与生成性、实践与理性、主体性与客体性三组对立统一的关系范畴,这三组关系范畴之间的相互转化构成了杜威经验概念的辩证法。杜威将黑格尔“绝对精神”的辩证法发展为“经验”的辩证法,在立场上坚持将经验概念作为包含普遍性的特殊性存在。经验概念包揽一切特殊性与普遍性的对立统一,同时特殊性相对于普遍性具有优先性。“经验”的辩证法立足于人类自身发展的核心,探讨如何指导生活所为。杜威经验概念的辩证法可以破除以形而上学认识论视角审视道德教育的局限,道德教育应当引导学生筹划可能的生存图景以实现现实性与生成性的辩证统一,应当通过树立民主的伦理理想以实现德育个体价值与社会价值的辩证统一,应当回归生活世界以实现知性育德与实践育德的辩证统一。

The concept of experience is the theoretical core of John Dewey’s philosophy of moral education.“Experience”contains three sets of relational categories of opposite unity,including reality and generativeness,practice and rationality,as well as subjectivity and objectivity.The mutual transformation of these three relational categories constitutes the dialectics of Dewey’s concept of experience.Dewey developed the dialectics of Hegel’s“absolute spirit”into the dialectics of“experience”,insisting on the standpoint that the concept of experience exists as a particularity containing universality.The concept of experience embraces the unity of opposites between particularity and universality,and at the same time particularity has priority over universality.The dialectics of“experience”is based on the core of human development,and explores how to guide life.The dialectics of Dewey’s concept of experience can break the limitation of examining moral education from the perspective of metaphysical epistemology.Moral education should guide students to plan possible survival scenarios to achieve the dialectical unity of reality and generativeness,should establish the ethical ideal of democracy to achieve the dialectical unity of individual value and social value of moral education,and should return to the life world to realize the dialectical unity of intellectual and practical moral education.