社会阶层对普遍信任及背信规避的影响

Social Class Influence on Generalized Trust and Betrayal Aversion

采用实验操纵的方法,通过两项研究分别考查了社会阶层启动对普遍信任以及背信规避的影响。结果发现,相较于启动高社会阶层,启动低社会阶层导致个体的普遍信任水平降低(研究1);对人为风险更加敏感,背信规避水平更高(研究2)。本研究为社会阶层与普遍信任之间关系的研究提供了新视角,并且为促进社会信任,减少背信规避提供了科学借鉴。

Trust is often described as a “social glue” in relationships,groups,and societies,in that it connects people and facilitates thoughts,motives,and behaviors that promote collective goals.However,trusting strangers is a risky decision because it may result in betrayal.Consequently,generalized trust is an important heuristic that people use to navigate numerous daily interactions with unknown others and it is a crucial characteristic of modern societies.Previous studies suggested that social class shapes our cognitive process and behavior.There also have been an emerging body of research on social class and trust,but the results are inconsistent and conflicting.In order to address mixed results in the literature,two studies were conducted to explore the causal relationship between subjective social class and generalized trust as well as betrayal aversion,controlling the objective social class.In Study 1,for the purpose of testing the effects of social class on generalized trust,120 participants were randomly priming with upper or lower subjective social class though a task that have been validated in advance,then they play a trust game with some strangers(Study 1a) or conduct a face trustworthiness evaluation task(Study 1b).In Study 2,159 participants were given the same social class priming,then they conduct a minimum acceptable probability task measuring the betrayal aversion(Study 2).The results of Study 1a shown that the priming of the lower social class decreased the generalized trust to strangers(invested less money) in the trust game.The results of Study 1b found that the priming of the lower social class reduced perceived trustworthiness to strangers in the face trustworthiness evaluation task.In addition,in Study 2 we found that there were no significant differences between risk source in upper class priming condition but in lower class priming condition.To be more specific,the priming of the lower social class increased the sensitive to social risk,in turn,increased the level of betrayal aversion.In conclusion,the present results indicated that lower social class priming reduced individuals’ generalized trust and increased the level of betrayal aversion.Our results suggest that lower class individuals are less able to resist risks and have stronger sense of social risk,which in turn show a lower level of generalized trust in order to survive and achieve life goals,while upper class individuals are less affected by the source of risk whereas they are more likely to focus on self-interests.The results of this study have important theoretical significance in revealing how social class influences generalized trust and betrayal aversion,and provide scientific theory reference for government and enterprises to set relevant policies and raise the level of social trust in citizens.