从三部古代俄罗斯文学作品看俄罗斯民族的政治思维

On Political Thinking of the Russian Nation: A Perspective from Three Works of Ancient Russian Literature

文学作品有其内在的政治思维,民族和国家的意志借助文学的前文本渗透到社会生活的诸方面。俄罗斯古代文学的三个源文本《古史纪年》《伊戈尔远征记》和《伊万雷帝与库尔布斯基的通信集》,解释了俄罗斯民族、俄罗斯国家道路选择的内在动因。《古史纪年》对基辅罗斯的诗意叙述,显示了历史与文学的紧密关系和建立在神学逻辑之上的政治正确。12世纪《伊戈尔远征记》的问世,标志着俄罗斯民族史诗的诞生。《伊戈尔远征记》宣扬崇战尚武精神,讴歌勇士荣耀,以文学的方式使“罗斯大地”的观念得以进一步深化,文学文本和历史文本内容的相似和思想的接近,使两种文本成为俄罗斯思想的重要组成部分。19世纪的俄罗斯文学处于思想场域的中心地位,俄罗斯的西欧派、斯拉夫派以及平民知识分子纷纷以文学为工具表达自己对国家现实和未来的关注,这是文学中心主义持续兴盛不衰的内驱力。20世纪以来,虽然俄罗斯的文化语境几经变化,但是作家依然是思想和政治舞台的重要角色,文学作为国家文化软实力的传统得到了完整继承。古代俄罗斯文学关于历史的记录与书写,体现了文学对现实的模仿与塑造,为理解俄罗斯民族、国家文化形态和价值取向提供了参考。“俄罗斯的特殊使命”和政治思想有机会在了解俄罗斯历史记忆的过程中得到明晰与判断。

Literary works have their inherent political thinking. The will of nations and countries penetrates into all aspects of social life with the help of previous texts. The three source texts of ancient Russian literature, namely, the Primary Chronicle, Igor’s Expeditions, and Correspondence between Prince A.M. Kurbsky and Tsar Ivan IV of Russia reveal the path choice of the Russian nation and state. In the Primary Chronicle, the poetic description of Kiev Rus shows the close relationship between history and literature and the political correctness based on theological logic. The publication of Igor’s Expeditions in the 12century marks the birth of the Russian national epics. Igor’s Expedition advocates martial spirits, sings the praises of glory of warriors, and further deepens the concept of “Rus Land” in a literary way. The identity of literary texts and historical texts promotes thought to become an important element of Russian literature. Russian literature in the 19century was at the center of the ideological field. Westernizers, Slavophiles and civilian intellectuals in Russia took literature as a tool to express their concern for the country’s reality and future. Litero-centrism continued to flourish. Since the 20century, although the cultural context of Russia has changed several times, yet writers still play an important role in the ideological and political arena. The tradition of literature as the country’s cultural soft power has been fully inherited. The recording and writing of history in ancient Russian literature embodies the imitation and shaping of reality by literature, which provides a reference for understanding Russian nation, national cultural form and value orientation. “Russia’s special mission” and political thought happen to be clarified and judged when understanding Russian historical memory.