“神话”的祛魅与重塑——当代俄罗斯的别林斯基研究

The Disenchantment and Reshaping of the “Myth”: Belinsky Studies in Contemporary Russia

由于意识形态的剧变,在苏联时期备受推崇的19世纪俄国文学批评家与哲学家别林斯基的思想遗产,在当代俄罗斯学界的研究与认知中经历了曲折的命运。从横向的主题维度上看,当代俄罗斯学界围绕别林斯基哲学思想及其影响,在三个不同的主题上均对苏联学界的观点做出了不同程度的反拨,并倾向于借鉴白银时代及侨民哲学家们的“宗教内在论”“人格主义”等理论来解读别林斯基的革命民主主义、社会主义等思想。从纵向的时间维度上看,苏联解体后的三十年间,以孔达科夫、吉洪诺娃、叶尔米乔夫等人为代表的俄罗斯学者,在对待别林斯基遗产的态度上,逐渐经历了从批判否定到重新正视的过程;而若将当代的别林斯基研究与历史上的别林斯基研究联动考察可以发现,当代俄罗斯的别林斯基研究看似是苏联解体后的“另起炉灶”,实则与自19世纪中后期以来的整个“别林斯基神话”之塑造、祛魅与重塑,有着不可分割的联系。“别林斯基神话”在当代的命运,也折射出俄罗斯学界对于俄国革命以及苏联时期文化遗产的整体态度,即从否定、拒斥到将其接纳为“俄罗斯心灵”的有机组成部分。

Due to drastic changes in ideology, the heritage of V. Belinsky,a nineteenth-century Russian literary critic and philosopher who was highly respected in the Soviet era, has experienced a tortuous fate in researches and cognition of contemporary Russian academic circles. From the horizontal thematic dimension, contemporary Russian academic circles, revolving around Belinsky’s philosophical thought and influences, have made amendments to varying degrees on views of Soviet academic circles on three different themes.They tend to interpret Belinsky’s revolutionary democracy, socialism and other ideas according to theories of “religion internalism” and “personalism” either during the “Silver Age” or from diasporic philosophers. From the vertical time dimension, in the three decades after the disintegration of the Soviet Union,Russian scholars represented by I. Kondakov, E. Tikhonova, A. Yermichov have gradually experienced a process from critical negation to reconsideration in their attitude towards Belinsky’s heritage. If contemporary and historical Belinsky studies are observed together, it could be found that Belinsky studies in contemporary Russia seems to be a “start from the beginning” after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. But as a matter of fact, it is inseparably connected with the shaping, disenchantment and reshaping of the entire “Belinsky Myth” since the second half of the 19century. The contemporary fate of the “Belinsky Myth” also reflects the overall attitude of Russian academia towards the Russian Revolution and the cultural heritage of the Soviet Union,that is, from denial and rejection to acceptance as an organic part of the “Russian mind”.