“穿着铠甲”的大国:美国公共政策的安全化

Great Power in Armor: Securitization of Public Policy in the United States

拜登上台后,美国国内政治裂隙进一步扩大。为凝聚各方共识,拜登政府以应对“中国挑战”为内外政策调整的总驱动器,在国内政治中大打“中国牌”,对华政策安全化由对外政策领域外溢至公共政策领域。作者借鉴新古典现实主义的分析视角,提出一个解释公共政策安全化的因果框架,阐述国内政治裂隙导致的公共政策困境如何传导和放大体系安全压力,并最终导致美国公共政策的安全化。案例检验采用过程追踪法比较了克林顿政府的“国家信息基础设施”计划以及拜登政府《基础设施投资和就业法案》的政策过程,初步验证了该研究假设。实际上,美国公共政策的安全化不仅体现在基础设施建设政策上,在公共卫生、经贸科技和人文交流等领域都有所渗透。拜登政府公共政策的安全化在美国国内暂时起到了凝聚共识和推动公共政策进程的效果,但过度安全化增加了公共政策失控的风险,对中美关系乃至全球治理都造成了重大冲击。

After Joe Biden came to power,the domesticpolitical cleavages of the United States further expanded. In order to build consensus among all parties, the Biden administration has taken China challenge as the main driver of domestic and foreign policy adjustment and played the China card in domestic politics. The securitization of policies towards China spills over from foreign policy to public fields. Drawing on the neoclassical realism,the author proposes a causal framework to explain the securitization of public policy. This research outlines how the public policy dilemmas caused by domestic political cleavages transmit and amplify systemic security pressures,and ultimately lead to the securitization of public policy. In the case verification stage, the process tracking method is adopted to systematically compare the policy process of the National Information Infrastructure Plan in Clinton ’s period and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act in Biden’s period. The research hypothesis is preliminarily verified. In fact,the securitization of public policy in the United States is not only reflected in the infrastructure policy,but also in realm of public health,economy,trade,science,technology and cultural exchanges. The Biden administration’s securitization of public policy has played a temporary role in building consensus and promoting public policies,but over-securitization increased the risk that public policies get out of control and it has caused a major impact on Sino-US relations and even global governance.